{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:50:44Z","timestamp":1761497444325,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,3]],"date-time":"2012-02-03T02:52:19Z","timestamp":1328237539000},"page":"35-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Advances in pituitary imaging technology and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sachit","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Waldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrish","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib1","first-page":"989","article-title":"The volume of the sella turcica","volume":"87","author":"DiChiro","year":"1962","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1148\/120.1.91","article-title":"Evaluation of sellar and parasellar masses by computed tomography","volume":"120","author":"Naidich","year":"1976","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib3","first-page":"221","article-title":"The application of NMR imaging to the evaluation of pituitary and juxtasellar tumors","volume":"4","author":"Hawkes","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451394","article-title":"Modern imaging of the pituitary","volume":"187","author":"Elster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib5","first-page":"64","article-title":"Pituitary dimensions and volume measurements in pregnancy and post partum. MR assessment","volume":"39","author":"Dinc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(02)00034-7","article-title":"Imaging of the pituitary and parasellar region","volume":"14","author":"Zee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rmr.0000224682.91253.15","article-title":"Pituitary gland: development, normal appearances, and magnetic resonance imaging protocols","volume":"16","author":"Castillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib8","series-title":"Clinical endocrine oncology","first-page":"200","article-title":"Imaging of the pituitary and hypothalamus","author":"Byrne","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.177.1.2399335","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary tissue: enhancement patterns on gadopentetate-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"177","author":"Miki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib10","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sequential MR enhancement patterns in normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenoma","volume":"15","author":"Yuh","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.3.8079867","article-title":"High-resolution, dynamic pituitary imaging: standard of care or academic pastime?","volume":"163","author":"Elster","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00541.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of conventional and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland for the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Tabarin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980192","article-title":"Dynamic pituitary MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mild Cushing\u2019s syndrome and should be part of the initial workup","volume":"39","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.3.8079866","article-title":"Detection of pituitary microadenomas: comparison of dynamic keyhole fast spin-echo, unenhanced, and conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"163","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.08.006","article-title":"The value of high-field MRI (3T) in the assessment of sellar lesions","volume":"54","author":"Pinker","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.2.0278","article-title":"Application of three-tesla magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and surgery of sellar lesions","volume":"100","author":"Wolfsberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985196","article-title":"Preliminary experience with 3-Tesla MRI and Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.10.16","article-title":"3D gradient echo sequence provides better images in contrast-enhanced imaging of the pituitary gland at 3T","volume":"2","author":"Arbab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Imaging in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.12.036","article-title":"Three-dimensional gradient echo versus spin echo sequence in contrast-enhanced imaging of the pituitary gland at 3T","volume":"79","author":"Kakite","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0048-4","article-title":"Effect of dopamine agonists on prolactinomas and normal pituitary assessed by dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"10","author":"Manuchehri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.42.202","article-title":"Technical considerations of transsphenoidal removal of fibrous pituitary adenomas and evaluation of collagen content and subtype in the adenomas","volume":"42","author":"Naganuma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2383042204","article-title":"Pituitary macroadenomas: preoperative evaluation of consistency with diffusion-weighted MR imaging \u2013 initial experience","volume":"239","author":"Pierallini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2282020695","article-title":"Comparison of growth hormone-producing and non-growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: imaging characteristics and pathologic correlation","volume":"228","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2007.06.007","article-title":"Apparent diffusion coefficient of pituitary macroadenoma evaluated with line-scan diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"34","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.03.031","article-title":"Role of PROPELLER diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.05.021","article-title":"Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging criteria for cavernous sinus invasion in patients with pituitary adenomas: logistic regression analysis and correlation with surgical findings","volume":"65","author":"Vieira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/01\/0037","article-title":"Preoperative depiction of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenoma using three-dimensional anisotropy contrast periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction imaging on a 3-tesla system","volume":"108","author":"Yoneoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.09.012","article-title":"The clinical value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult brain tumours","volume":"62","author":"Sibtain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/8\/0306","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pituitary macroadenomas: preliminary results","volume":"109","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199710000-00013","article-title":"Development and implementation of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and its neurosurgical applications","volume":"41","author":"Black","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.2.r99ma26477","article-title":"Intraoperative MR imaging guidance for intracranial neurosurgery: experience with the first 200 cases","volume":"211","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib32","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging to determine the extent of resection of pituitary macroadenomas during transsphenoidal microsurgery","volume":"49","author":"Bohinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1363-9","article-title":"Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for intraoperative use in neurosurgery: a 5-year experience","volume":"12","author":"Nimsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000348549.26832.51","article-title":"Transsphenoidal pituitary macroadenomas resection guided by PoleStar N20 low-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with early post-operative high-field magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/11\/E12","article-title":"Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in pituitary macroadenoma surgery: an assessment of visual outcome","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200412000-00009","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors","volume":"17","author":"Kreutzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000243289.98791.05","article-title":"Intraoperative high-field magnetic resonance imaging in transsphenoidal surgery of hormonally inactive pituitary macroadenomas","volume":"59","author":"Nimsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2331031352","article-title":"Intraoperative high-field-strength MR imaging: implementation and experience in 200 patients","volume":"233","author":"Nimsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/028418519103200301","article-title":"Comparison of MR imaging and CT in pituitary macroadenomas","volume":"32","author":"Lundin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0194-9","article-title":"Evaluation of pituitary macroadenomas with multidetector-row CT (MDCT): comparison with MR imaging","volume":"49","author":"Miki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00181765","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 111In-DTPA-D-Pne and 123I-Tyr3-octeotride: the Rotterdam experience in more than 1000 patients","volume":"20","author":"Krenning","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-4-450","article-title":"The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumours","volume":"12","author":"Lamberts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib43","first-page":"41","article-title":"PET imaging in endocrine tumours","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x","article-title":"Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK)","volume":"72","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.202.1.8988190","article-title":"Clinically serious abnormalities found incidentally at MR imaging of the brain: data from the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"202","author":"Yue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib46","first-page":"287","article-title":"Incidental pituitary macroadenoma: a population-based study","volume":"314","author":"Nammour","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490123","article-title":"A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan","volume":"149","author":"Sanno","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70058-X","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of sellar masses","volume":"28","author":"Freda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-1757-1","article-title":"Retrospective multicentric study of pituitary incidentalomas","volume":"7","author":"Fainstein Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.11.793","article-title":"Evaluation and management of pituitary incidentalomas","volume":"75","author":"Serhal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1054","article-title":"Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"96","author":"Fernandez-Balsells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1048","article-title":"Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Freda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X1100100X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X1100100X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:44:35Z","timestamp":1761497075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X1100100X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X1100100X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1521-690X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances in pituitary imaging technology and future prospects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.08.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}