{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:42:56Z","timestamp":1789850576930,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK063121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK063121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY011708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY011708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY08976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY08976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T11:40:30Z","timestamp":1337773230000},"page":"313-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Treating the thyroid in the presence of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Heged\u00fcs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen J.","family":"Bonnema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02124","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with benign thyroid disorders. A review","volume":"154","author":"Watt","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0069","article-title":"Which domains of thyroid-related quality of life are most relevant? Patients and clinicians provide complementary perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Watt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0475","article-title":"Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy; quality of life follow-up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs or radioiodine","volume":"163","author":"Abraham-Nordling","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0055","article-title":"Quality of life in thyroid eye disease: impact of quality of care","volume":"164","author":"Estcourt","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0806317","article-title":"Clinical practice. Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"360","author":"Bartalena","year":"2009","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02597.x","article-title":"Natural history of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"42","author":"Perros","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390170124027","article-title":"Effect of abnormal thyroid function on the severity of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"150","author":"Prummel","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02854.x","article-title":"Susceptibility genes in Graves ophthalmopathy: searching for a needle in a haystack?","volume":"67","author":"Bednarczuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib9","first-page":"930","article-title":"Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves\u2019 disease: a population- based study of two Danish twin cohorts","volume":"86","author":"Brix","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1644","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease: past, present, and future","volume":"20","author":"Tomer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1366","article-title":"High frequency of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in females with autoimmune thyroid disease: a possible explanation for the female predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"90","author":"Brix","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2011.03.013","article-title":"Twins as a tool for evaluating the influence of genetic susceptibility in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"72","author":"Brix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Endocrinology (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345276","article-title":"Relationship between cigarette smoking and Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"27","author":"Heged\u00fcs","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.013","article-title":"Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations","volume":"24","author":"Laurberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1402","article-title":"Influences of age, gender, smoking, and family history on autoimmune thyroid disease phenotype","volume":"91","author":"Manji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2329","article-title":"The dilemma of how to manage Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism in patients with associated orbitopathy","volume":"96","author":"Bartalena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03806.x","article-title":"Douglas RS & Nielsen CH. Targeted biological therapies for Graves\u2019 disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Focus on B-cell depletion with Rituximab","volume":"74","author":"Heged\u00fcs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0801880","article-title":"Clinical practice. Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"358","author":"Brent","year":"2008","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2009.01.009","article-title":"Treatment of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism: evidence-based and emerging modalities","volume":"38","author":"Heged\u00fcs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1634","article-title":"Risk factors for development or deterioration of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"20","author":"Stan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0044","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical features of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in multiethnic Malaysian patients with Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01445.x","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy in relation to cigarette smoking and ethnic origin","volume":"36","author":"Tellez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6599.634","article-title":"Is endocrine ophthalmopathy related to smoking?","volume":"295","author":"Hagg","year":"1987","journal-title":"British Medical Journal. Clinical research ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702603","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Thornton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0666","article-title":"Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO","volume":"158","author":"Bartalena","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0417","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"21","author":"Bahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206253262603","article-title":"Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group","volume":"326","author":"Tallstedt","year":"1992","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib29","first-page":"542","article-title":"The incidence of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for Graves\u2019 disease: prognostic factors and the role of methimazole","volume":"79","author":"Kung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349519","article-title":"Comparison of RA 131I treatment protocols for Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"13","author":"DeGroot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of endocrinological investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300494","article-title":"Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment?","volume":"130","author":"Tallstedt","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib32","first-page":"998","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor expression in Graves\u2019 orbital adipose\/connective tissues: potential autoantigen in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"83","author":"Bahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01708.x","article-title":"TSH-R expression and cytokine profile in orbital tissue of active vs. inactive Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy patients","volume":"58","author":"Wakelkamp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.1175","article-title":"The combination of absent thyroid peroxidase antibodies and high thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels in Graves\u2019 disease identifies a group at markedly increased risk of ophthalmopathy","volume":"9","author":"Khoo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02033.x","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibody profiles in ophthalmic dominant and thyroid dominant Graves\u2019 disease differ and suggest ophthalmopathy is a multiantigenic disease","volume":"60","author":"Goh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.809","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating antibody is related to Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy, but thyrotropin-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin is related to hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00959.x","article-title":"Association of thyrotrophin receptor antibodies with the clinical features of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"52","author":"Gerding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib38","first-page":"185","article-title":"Amelioration of eye changes of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy by achieving euthyroidism","volume":"121","author":"Prummel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1991.1.129","article-title":"Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves\u2019 disease in Europe, Japan, and the United States","volume":"1","author":"Wartofsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01993","article-title":"A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"153","author":"Abraham","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801083380201","article-title":"Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"338","author":"Bartalena","year":"1998","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0450","article-title":"TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves\u2019 disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study","volume":"158","author":"Laurberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1007101","article-title":"Radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism","volume":"364","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1995.tb01230.x","article-title":"Influence of compensated radioiodine therapy on thyroid volume and incidence of hypothyroidism in Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"238","author":"Nygaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib45","unstructured":"Brandt F, Green A, Heged\u00fcs L & Brix T. Is the association between overt hyperthyroidism and mortality causal? Critical review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Endocrinology, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0837","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cancer mortality after radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03279.x","article-title":"Radioiodine therapy (RAI) for Graves\u2019 disease (GD) and the effect on ophthalmopathy: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Acharya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0747","article-title":"Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy after Treatment for Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism with Antithyroid Drugs or Iodine-131","volume":"94","author":"Tr\u00e4isk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2813","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease","volume":"91","author":"Eckstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490485","article-title":"Resumption of methimazole after 131I therapy of hyperthyroid diseases: effect on thyroid function and volume evaluated by a randomized clinical trial","volume":"149","author":"Bonnema","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02039.x","article-title":"Is calculation of the dose in radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism worth while?","volume":"43","author":"Jarl\u00f8v","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911163212001","article-title":"Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism","volume":"321","author":"Bartalena","year":"1989","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2130","article-title":"Lower Dose Prednisone Prevents Radioiodine-Associated Exacerbation of Initially Mild or Absent Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"95","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01924","article-title":"Glucocorticoids do not influence the effect of radioiodine therapy in Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"153","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib55","first-page":"2805","article-title":"Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer in Graves\u2019 patients","volume":"83","author":"Pellegriti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9497-9","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Graves\u2019 disease: evidence-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Stalberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2000.5875","article-title":"The efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves\u2019 disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Palit","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Surgical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00843.x","article-title":"The course of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy is not influenced by near total thyroidectomy: a case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Marcocci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s002680010216","article-title":"Surgery for Graves\u2019 disease: total versus subtotal thyroidectomy- results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Witte","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1157","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease with moderate-severe endocrine ophthalmopathy-long term results of a prospective, randomized study of total or subtotal thyroid resection","volume":"15","author":"Jarhult","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-5_Part_1-200309020-00010","article-title":"Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens","volume":"139","author":"Chiovato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322240004","article-title":"Effects of thyroidectomy alone or followed by radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants on the outcome of graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"13","author":"Moleti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/01676839609150236","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid ablative therapy for ophthalmopathy of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"15","author":"DeGroot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1800","article-title":"Effects of total thyroid ablation versus near-total thyroidectomy alone on mild to moderate Graves\u2019 orbitopathy treated with intravenous glucocorticoids","volume":"92","author":"Menconi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0406","article-title":"Application of new therapies in Graves\u2019 disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: animal models and translation to human clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Banga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.709","article-title":"Treatment-resistant severe, active Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy successfully treated with B lymphocyte depletion","volume":"16","author":"El Fassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02119","article-title":"Efficacy of rituximab treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy as a result of intraorbital B-cell depletion in one patient unresponsive to steroid immunosuppression","volume":"154","author":"Salvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2388","article-title":"B lymphocyte depletion with the monoclonal antibody rituximab in Graves\u2019 disease: a controlled pilot study","volume":"92","author":"El Fassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02325","article-title":"Treatment of Graves\u2019 disease and associated ophthalmopathy with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab: an open study","volume":"156","author":"Salvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0084","article-title":"Rituximab in relapsing Graves\u2019 disease, a phase II study","volume":"159","author":"Heemstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.05.029","article-title":"Rituximab treatment of patients with severe, corticosteroid-resistant thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"117","author":"Khanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181c4dfde","article-title":"Rituximab for thyroid eye disease","volume":"26","author":"Silkiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.09.007","article-title":"Treatment of Graves\u2019 disease with rituximab specifically reduces the production of thyroid stimulating autoantibodies","volume":"130","author":"El Fassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2470","article-title":"A novel thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bioassay is a functional indicator of activity and severity of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"95","author":"Lytton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.232","article-title":"Development of criteria for evaluating clinical response in thyroid eye disease using a modified Delphi technique","volume":"127","author":"Douglas","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x","article-title":"Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"47","author":"Mourits","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03762.x","article-title":"Failure of rituximab treatment in a case of severe thyroid ophthalmopathy unresponsive to steroids","volume":"72","author":"Krassas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.138305","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis following B lymphocyte depletion with rituximab in a patient with Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"57","author":"El Fassi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib79","first-page":"e163","article-title":"Systemic adverse events following rituximab therapy in patients with Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"34","author":"El Fassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346613","article-title":"Glucocorticoid administration for Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism treated by radioiodine - a questionnaire survey among members of the European Thyroid Association","volume":"33","author":"Lazarus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0039","article-title":"Sustained control of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"21","author":"Laurberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0181","article-title":"Outcome of very long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs in Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism associated with Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"21","author":"Elbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012985","article-title":"Selenium and the course of mild Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"364","author":"Marcocci","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11001278?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11001278?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:43:58Z","timestamp":1761497038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X11001278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X11001278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treating the thyroid in the presence of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}