{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:33:23Z","timestamp":1790940803419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,22]],"date-time":"2012-05-22T20:03:22Z","timestamp":1337717002000},"page":"405-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Adrenal incidentaloma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Arnaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Boscaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490273","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"149","author":"Barzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib2","first-page":"460","article-title":"Incidentally discovered adrenal masses","volume":"16","author":"Kloos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1147","article-title":"Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"164","author":"Terzolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013","article-title":"Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (\u201cIncidentaloma\u201d)","volume":"138","author":"Grumbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib5","first-page":"203","article-title":"Adrenocortical nodules in post-mortem series. Development, functional significance, and differentiation from adenomas","volume":"141","author":"Reinhard","year":"1996","journal-title":"General and Diagnostic Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344099","article-title":"Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series","volume":"29","author":"Bovio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011580819132","article-title":"The adrenal incidentaloma: disease of modern technology and public health problem","volume":"2","author":"Aron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib8","first-page":"1530","article-title":"A-I-D-S: the new endocrine epidemic","volume":"79","author":"Griffing","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib9","first-page":"637","article-title":"A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology","volume":"85","author":"Mantero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0234","article-title":"Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink?","volume":"161","author":"Cawood","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.235","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinoma: a clinician\u2019s update","volume":"7","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.04.072","article-title":"Effects of increased cross-sectional imaging on the diagnosis and prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma: analysis of the National Cancer Database","volume":"186","author":"Kutikov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp065470","article-title":"The incidentally discovered adrenal mass","volume":"356","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4547","article-title":"Adrenal imaging","volume":"194","author":"Blake","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03351068","article-title":"Adrenal tumors: how to establish malignancy?","volume":"27","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc069027","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 36-2006. A 35-year-old pregnant woman with new hypertension","volume":"355","author":"Klibanski","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.24si045506","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon","volume":"24","author":"Blake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.5.9129444","article-title":"Evaluation of adrenal masses in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography","volume":"168","author":"Erasmus","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.1.10397094","article-title":"Imaging of adrenal tumors using FDG-PET: comparison of benign and malignant lesions","volume":"173","author":"Maurea","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib20","first-page":"1795","article-title":"18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI","volume":"42","author":"Yun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500789","article-title":"18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool for malignancy of adrenocortical tumours? Preliminary results in 13 consecutive patients","volume":"150","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2302","article-title":"18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a prospective study in 77 operated patients","volume":"94","author":"Groussin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.S1.1","article-title":"The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"15","author":"Zeiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib24","first-page":"735","article-title":"Subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to adrenal myelolipoma","volume":"121","author":"Boronat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202274","article-title":"Myelolipomatous adrenal masses causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Lamas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00815.x","article-title":"Combined adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma in a patient with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Hisamatsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0457","article-title":"Approach to the patient with an adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"95","author":"Nieman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2005.20.4.303","article-title":"Clinical study of adrenal incidentaloma in Korea","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67139-5","article-title":"Phaeochromocytoma","volume":"366","author":"Lenders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410619","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma in Italy: a multicentric retrospective study","volume":"141","author":"Mannelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0384","article-title":"Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma","volume":"161","author":"Kopetschke","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1398","article-title":"Year of diagnosis, features at presentation, and risk of recurrence in patients with pheochromocytoma or secreting paraganglioma","volume":"90","author":"Amar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0396","article-title":"Phaeochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. October 2005","volume":"3","author":"Pacak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0996","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of free and total metanephrines in plasma and fractionated metanephrines in urine of patients with pheochromocytoma","volume":"162","author":"Grouzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021251","article-title":"A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared to the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines","volume":"88","author":"Sawka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030005","article-title":"Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results","volume":"88","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","article-title":"Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Funder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03551.x","article-title":"High prevalence of autonomous cortisol and aldosterone secretion from adrenal adenomas","volume":"71","author":"Piaditis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03213.x","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical characteristics of normotensive patients with primary aldosteronism: a comparison with hypertensive cases","volume":"69","author":"M\u00e9deau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02775.x","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.202","article-title":"Should primary aldosteronism be diagnosed among normotensive subjects during general health check-up and\/or at general outpatient clinics?","volume":"34","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.166","article-title":"Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among prehypertensive and stage 1 hypertensive subjects","volume":"34","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.206","article-title":"Does primary aldosteronism exist in normotensive and mildly hypertensive patients, and should we look for it?","volume":"34","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9163-7","article-title":"Commentary on the Endocrine Society practice guidelines: consequences of adjustment of antihypertensive medication in screening of primary aldosteronism","volume":"12","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9332-8","article-title":"The clinical conundrum of corticotropin-independent autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with bilateral adrenal masses","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04013.x","article-title":"The functional status of incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal lesions","author":"Androulakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834937f3","article-title":"Concurrent primary aldosteronism and subclinical cortisol hypersecretion: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"Fallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(96)00506-7","article-title":"Coexistence of aldosteronoma and contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism","volume":"10","author":"Fallo","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib49","article-title":"100 cases of primary aldosteronism. Careful choice of patients for surgery using adrenal venous sampling and CT imaging results in excellent blood pressure and potassium outcomes","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834666af","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling is crucial before an adrenalectomy whatever the adrenal-nodule size on computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Sarlon-Bartoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1070","article-title":"Aldosterone- and cortisol-co-secreting adrenal tumors: the lost subtype of primary aldosteronism","volume":"164","author":"Sp\u00e4th","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"93","author":"Nieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2722","article-title":"Clinical review: diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypercortisolism","volume":"96","author":"Chiodini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0633","article-title":"Is subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome an entity or a statistical fallout from diagnostic testing? Consensus surrounding the diagnosis is required before optimal treatment can be defined","volume":"95","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0722","article-title":"Association of Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphism A3669G with decreased risk of developing diabetes in patients with Cushing\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Trementino","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02330.x","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism in adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"40","author":"Morelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","article-title":"Diagnosis and complication\u2019s of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"88","author":"Arnaldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0299","article-title":"Usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy in the follow-up of adrenocortical incidentalomas: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"160","author":"Fagour","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0125","article-title":"Human corticotropin releasing hormone test performance in the differential diagnosis between Cushing\u2019s disease and pseudo-Cushing state is enhanced by combined ACTH and cortisol analysis","volume":"160","author":"Arnaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0424","article-title":"Limitations of nocturnal salivary cortisol and urine free cortisol in the diagnosis of mild Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Kidambi","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0485","article-title":"The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"160","author":"Masserini","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2008.09.003","article-title":"Exploration and management of adrenal incidentalomas. French Society of Endocrinology Consensus","volume":"69","author":"Tabarin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346701","article-title":"Pros and cons of dexamethasone suppression test for screening of subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"34","author":"Reimondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0612","article-title":"Approach to the patient with possible Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Boscaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib65","first-page":"5301","article-title":"Body composition and metabolic features in women with adrenal incidentaloma or Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Garrapa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0957","article-title":"Long-term morphological, hormonal, and clinical follow-up in a single unit on 118 patients with adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"162","author":"Giordano","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8277","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"87","author":"Terzolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02291.x","article-title":"Adrenal incidentalomas and cardiometabolic morbidity: an emerging association with serious clinical implications","volume":"268","author":"Peppa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01959","article-title":"Midnight serum cortisol as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with a clinically inapparent adrenal adenoma","volume":"153","author":"Terzolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.398","article-title":"Risk of new vertebral fractures in patients with adrenal incidentaloma with and without subclinical hypercortisolism: a multicenter longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Morelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0468","article-title":"Bone mineral density, prevalence of vertebral fractures, and bone quality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas with and without subclinical hypercortisolism: an Italian multicenter study","volume":"94","author":"Chiodini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.51","article-title":"Pros and cons of screening for occult Cushing syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Tabarin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0775","article-title":"Post-surgical hypocortisolism after removal of an adrenal incidentaloma: is it predictable by an accurate endocrinological work-up before surgery?","volume":"162","author":"Eller-Vainicher","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib74","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration cytology of adrenal masses: a re-assessment with histological confirmation","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344133","article-title":"Endogenous subclinical hypercortisolism: diagnostic uncertainties and clinical implications","volume":"29","author":"Tsagarakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0031","article-title":"The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Mansmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0473","article-title":"Definition of an optimal strategy to evaluate and follow-up adrenal incidentalomas: time for further research","volume":"161","author":"Terzolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346546","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of tumor size and hormonal status in adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"33","author":"Yener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03492.x","article-title":"Hormonal activity of adrenal incidentalomas: results from a long-term follow-up study","volume":"70","author":"Vassilatou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib80","first-page":"520","article-title":"Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"84","author":"Barzon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09351.OR","article-title":"Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor","volume":"16","author":"Pantalone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2572","article-title":"Collision\/composite tumors of the adrenal gland: a pitfall of scintigraphy imaging and hormone assays in the detection of adrenal metastasis","volume":"90","author":"Thorin-Savour\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7566","article-title":"Cohort study of patients with adrenal lesions discovered incidentally","volume":"98","author":"Muth","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02110","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma \u2013 follow-up results from a Swedish prospective study","volume":"154","author":"B\u00fclow","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0707","article-title":"Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"160","author":"Sereg","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1000-7","article-title":"Primary adrenal hypercortisolism: minimally invasive surgical treatment or medical therapy? A retrospective study with long-term follow-up evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31819a47d2","article-title":"Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study","volume":"249","author":"Toniato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2387","article-title":"Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism","volume":"95","author":"Chiodini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11001631?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11001631?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:45:26Z","timestamp":1761497126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X11001631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X11001631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adrenal incidentaloma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.12.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}