{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:08:37Z","timestamp":1791328117419,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T05:34:02Z","timestamp":1376458442000},"page":"725-742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Determination of prolactin: The macroprolactin problem"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Fahie-Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523","article-title":"Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion","volume":"80","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib2","series-title":"Oxford textbook of endocrinology & diabetes","first-page":"187","article-title":"Prolactinomas and hyperprolactinaemia (including macroprolactinaemia)","author":"Bevan","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563053857969","article-title":"Macroprolactin; high molecular mass forms of circulating prolactin","volume":"42","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02243.x","article-title":"Clinical relevance of macroprolactin","volume":"62","author":"Gibney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib5","first-page":"279","article-title":"Technology insight: measuring prolactin in clinical samples","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Clinical Practice: Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib6","unstructured":"Thompson A. Automated immunoassay analysers in clinical use. Personal communication; 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib7","unstructured":"Horowitz GL. College of American Pathologists special ligands participants summary report. 11; 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib8","unstructured":"Sturgeon CM, Ellis AR, Al-Sadie R. UK NEQAS for peptide hormones and related substances. Annual Review, Edinburgh; 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.105312","article-title":"Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms","volume":"54","author":"Beltran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib10","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Immunoradiometric analysis of circulating human glycosylated and nonglycosylated prolactin forms: spontaneous and stimulated secretions","volume":"75","author":"Brue","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib11","unstructured":"Sturgeon CM, Ellis AR, Al-Sadie R. UK NEQAS for peptide hormones and related substances. Annual Review, Edinburgh; 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-4-863","article-title":"Maintained fertility in a patient with hyperprolactinemia due to big, big prolactin","volume":"53","author":"Whittaker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46646-X","article-title":"Bioactivity of prolactin in a woman with an excess of large molecular size prolactin, persistent hyperprolactinemia and spontaneous conception","volume":"38","author":"Andersen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1982.tb00715.x","article-title":"Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive prolactin in hyperprolactinaemic serum","volume":"16","author":"Soong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48973-9","article-title":"Chromatographic pattern of circulating prolactin in ovulatory hyperprolactinemia","volume":"44","author":"Andino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-2-258","article-title":"Characterization of a large molecular weight prolactin in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and normal menses","volume":"61","author":"Jackson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90448-6","article-title":"Macroprolactinemia presenting like a pituitary tumor","volume":"78","author":"Jackson","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02340.x","article-title":"Characterization of big, big prolactin in patients with hyperprolactinaemia","volume":"37","author":"Leite","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib19","first-page":"497","article-title":"A normal ovulatory woman with hyperprolactinemia: presence of anti-prolactin autoantibody and the regulation of prolactin secretion","volume":"126","author":"Hattori","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06871","article-title":"Anti-prolactin (PRL) autoantibody-binding sites (epitopes) on PRL molecule in macroprolactinemia","volume":"190","author":"Hattori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1600","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G subclasses and prolactin (PRL) isoforms in macroprolactinemia due to anti-PRL autoantibodies","volume":"90","author":"Hattori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1208","article-title":"Development of anti-PRL (prolactin) autoantibodies by homologous PRL in rats: a model for macroprolactinemia","volume":"148","author":"Hattori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03570.x","article-title":"Macroprolactinaemia: prevalence and aetiologies in a large group of hospital workers","volume":"71","author":"Hattori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55140-1","article-title":"On the nature of serum prolactin in two patients with macroprolactinemia","volume":"58","author":"Carlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211358","article-title":"Identification of macroprolactin in a patient with asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia as a stable PRL-IgG complex","volume":"103","author":"Bonhoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.2.346","article-title":"Pregnancy in a patient with markedly raised concentrations of circulatory big-big (macro) prolactin \u2013 a case report","volume":"47","author":"Diver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1258\/000456306775141830","article-title":"Macroprolactin(s): composition and reactivity in immunoassays and laboratory interpretation of results of an unusual patient serum","volume":"43","author":"Ellis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib28","first-page":"586","article-title":"The frequency of macroprolactinemia in pregnant women and the heterogeneity of its etiologies","volume":"81","author":"Hattori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03402.x","article-title":"Characterization of macroprolactin and assessment of markers of autoimmunity in macroprolactinaemic patients","volume":"70","author":"Kavanagh-Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib30","first-page":"35","article-title":"False negative PEG precipitation test in a case of hyperprolactinemia with an IgA macroprolactin","volume":"43","author":"Kilvington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490201","article-title":"Clinical and biological characterization of macroprolactinemia with and without prolactin-IgG complexes","volume":"149","author":"De Schepper","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10183-6","article-title":"Misleading hyperprolactinaemia in pregnancy","volume":"353","author":"Heaney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011943","article-title":"Gross variability in the detection of prolactin in sera containing big big prolactin (macroprolactin) by commercial immunoassays","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(01)00256-9","article-title":"Reactivity of macroprolactin in common automated immunoassays","volume":"34","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.2.331","article-title":"Prolactin results for samples containing macroprolactin are method and sample dependent","volume":"47","author":"Gilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib36","unstructured":"Fahie-Wilson MN, Gaston S, et\u00a0al. Rapid fractionation of serum prolactin isoforms by HPLC. American Association of Clinical Chemistry Annual Meeting Anaheim, California; 2010. p. Abstract B06."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011209","article-title":"A high pressure liquid chromatography method for separation of prolactin forms","volume":"49","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01721.x","article-title":"A practical method for the detection of macroprolactinaemia using ultrafiltration","volume":"58","author":"Prazeres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1373\/49.3.502","article-title":"Macroprolactin detection by precipitation with protein A-sepharose: a rapid screening method compared with polyethylene glycol precipitation","volume":"49","author":"Sapin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.065854","article-title":"Specificity and clinical utility of methods for the detection of macroprolactin","volume":"52","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2001.200","article-title":"Rapid detection of macroprolactin in the form of prolactin- immunoglobulin G complexes by immunoprecipitation with anti-human IgG- agarose","volume":"39","author":"Schiettecatte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2008.007262","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol precipitation: proceed with care","volume":"45","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2008.007233","article-title":"False-positive polyethylene glycol precipitation tests for macroprolactin due to increased serum globulins","volume":"45","author":"Ram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03001.x","article-title":"Anti-prolactin (PRL) autoantibodies suppress PRL bioactivity in patients with macroprolactinaemia","volume":"68","author":"Hattori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02980.x","article-title":"Bioactivity of macroprolactin in the Nb2 bioassay may be explained by dissociation yielding bioactive monomeric prolactin","volume":"67","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1831","article-title":"Human macroprolactin displays low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay","volume":"91","author":"Glezer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02548.x","article-title":"Application of new homologous in\u00a0vitro bioassays for human lactogens to assess the actual bioactivity of human prolactin isoforms in hyperprolactinaemic patients","volume":"65","author":"Leanos-Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2234","article-title":"The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin","volume":"90","author":"Gibney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1504","article-title":"Frequent misdiagnosis and mismanagement of hyperprolactinemic patients before the introduction of macroprolactin screening: application of a new strict laboratory definition of macroprolactinemia","volume":"49","author":"Suliman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91841-5","article-title":"Tests of prolactin secretion in diagnosis of prolactinomas","volume":"1","author":"Cowden","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib51","first-page":"305","article-title":"Is idiopathic hyperprolactinemia a transitional stage toward prolactinoma?","volume":"70","author":"Pereira","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01887.x","article-title":"The TSH response to domperidone reflects the biological activity of prolactin in macroprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia","volume":"59","author":"Pinto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300438","article-title":"Correlation of the antibody titers with serum prolactin levels and their clinical course in patients with anti-prolactin autoantibody","volume":"130","author":"Hattori","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib54","unstructured":"Alhquist JAO, Fahie-Wilson M. On the origin and distribution of macroprolactin. 19th Meeting of the British Endocrine Societies, Birmingham, UK; 2000, p. 34."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8272","article-title":"Macroprolactinemia revisited: a study on 106 patients","volume":"87","author":"Vallette-Kasic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib56","series-title":"Oxford textbook of endocrinology & diabetes","first-page":"172","article-title":"Prolactinomas","author":"Bevan","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020936","article-title":"Macroprolactinemia is clinically important","volume":"87","author":"Olukoga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400622","article-title":"Screening for macroprolactinaemia","volume":"34","author":"Olukoga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib59","first-page":"3107","article-title":"Anti-prolactin (PRL) autoantibodies cause asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia: bioassay and clearance studies of PRL-immunoglobulin G complex","volume":"82","author":"Hattori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib60","first-page":"308","article-title":"Different responses in little and bigbig prolactin to metoclopramide in subjects with hyperprolactinemia due to 150\u2013170 kD (bigbig) prolactin","volume":"128","author":"Bjoro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-3-585","article-title":"Detailed assessment of big big prolactin in women with hyperprolactinemia and normal ovarian function","volume":"69","author":"Fraser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-5-982","article-title":"Heterogeneity of serum prolactin throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in hyperprolactinemic women with normal ovarian function","volume":"68","author":"Larrea","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689909200704","article-title":"Three cases of macroprolactinaemia","volume":"92","author":"Olukoga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400305","article-title":"Macroprolactinaemia: contribution to hyperprolactinaemia in a district general hospital and evaluation of a screening test based on precipitation with polyethylene glycol","volume":"34","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib65","first-page":"1546","article-title":"Antiprolactin autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: frequency and correlation with prolactinemia and disease activity","volume":"28","author":"Leanos-Miranda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0114","article-title":"Ten-year clinical follow-up of a cohort of 51 patients with macroprolactinemia establishes it as a benign variant","volume":"95","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03577.x","article-title":"Should macroprolactin be measured in all hyperprolactinaemic sera?","volume":"71","author":"McKenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00757.x","article-title":"Macroprolactinaemia: validation and application of the polyethylene glycol precipitation test and clinical characterization of the condition","volume":"51","author":"Olukoga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.2.0334","article-title":"Concomitant occurrence of macroprolactin, exercise-induced amenorrhea, and a pituitary lesion: a diagnostic pitfall. Case report","volume":"95","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib70","unstructured":"English E, Beltran L, Mapplebeck S, et\u00a0al. On the origin and nature of big prolactin. British Endocrine Society Annual Meeting; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-4-714","article-title":"Prolactin of apparent large molecular size: the major immunoactive prolactin component in plasma of a patient with a pituitary tumor","volume":"38","author":"Rogol","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380082","article-title":"Asymptomatic 'big' hyperprolactinemia in two men with pituitary adenomas","volume":"138","author":"Tritos","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-5-826","article-title":"Demonstration of biological activity of prolactin molecular weight variants in human sera","volume":"58","author":"Whitaker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib74","first-page":"436","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol precipitation as a screening method for macroprolactinemia","volume":"45","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.8.1758","article-title":"Extensive experience and validation of polyethylene glycol precipitation as a screening method for macroprolactinemia","volume":"44","author":"Vieira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.135210","article-title":"Reporting of post-PEG prolactin concentrations: time to change","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib77","unstructured":"Kelly S, Cunningham SK, Fahie-Wilson MN, Smith TP. Prevalence of macroprolactinemia: high vs. low reacting prolactin assays. Association of Clinical Biochemists in Ireland Annual Meeting; 2012. p. 57."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1997.10.4.411","article-title":"Macroprolactinemia: a cause of hyperprolactinemia in childhood","volume":"10","author":"Fabre-Brue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2007.01823.x","article-title":"Patients with macroprolactinaemia: clinical and radiological features","volume":"37","author":"Donadio","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03880.x","article-title":"Macroprolactinaemia in patients with hyperprolactinaemia: composition of macroprolactin and stability during long-term follow-up","volume":"73","author":"Hattori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-1007","article-title":"The natural history of macroprolactinaemia","volume":"166","author":"Hattori","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib83","series-title":"Letter to the editor regarding clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.12.2253","article-title":"Effect of incubation time on recognition of various forms of prolactin in serum by the DELFIA assay","volume":"48","author":"Hekim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.6.884","article-title":"Macroprolactin reactivities in prolactin assays: an issue for clinical laboratories and equipment manufacturers","volume":"46","author":"John","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1434","article-title":"In hyperprolactinemia, testing for macroprolactin is essential","volume":"49","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib87","first-page":"301","article-title":"Roche Elecsys Prolactin II assay: reactivity with macroprolactin compared with eight commercial assays for prolactin and determination of monomeric prolactin by precipitation with polyethylene glycol","volume":"53","author":"Fahie-Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Laboratory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0107-5","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia","volume":"11","author":"Chahal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01586.x","article-title":"Screening for macroprolactinaemia and pituitary imaging studies","volume":"57","author":"Hauache","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01852.x","article-title":"Clinical and radiological features of patients with macroprolactinaemia","volume":"59","author":"Strachan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.10.020","article-title":"Comparison of multiple methods for identification of hyperprolactinaemia in the presence of macroprolactin","volume":"411","author":"McCudden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2006.06.003","article-title":"Macroprolactin, big-prolactin and potential effects on the misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinemia using the Beckman Coulter Access Prolactin assay","volume":"39","author":"Ellis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X13001103?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X13001103?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:46:51Z","timestamp":1761497211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X13001103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X13001103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Determination of prolactin: The macroprolactin problem","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}