{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:00:16Z","timestamp":1792598416072,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T00:17:53Z","timestamp":1384474673000},"page":"353-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Should low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) be treated?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Toth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Barylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Nikolic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfredi","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Montalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000126889.97626.B8","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease","volume":"109","author":"Toth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60312-2","article-title":"Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study","volume":"380","author":"Voight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2013.08.001","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association","volume":"7","author":"Toth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.55.5.767","article-title":"HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study","volume":"55","author":"Castelli","year":"1977","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92274-7","article-title":"The Troms\u00f8 heart-study. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease: a prospective case-control study","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl. A","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib6","first-page":"A2","article-title":"The M\u00fcnster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years","volume":"19","author":"Assmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.041","article-title":"SCORE investigators. HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk","volume":"206","author":"Cooney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07098-2","article-title":"High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study","volume":"358","author":"Walldius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.21.2524","article-title":"Association of loss-of-function mutations in the ABCA1 gene with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and risk of ischemic heart disease","volume":"299","author":"Frikke-Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.028373","article-title":"Isolated low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. An individual participant data meta-analysis of 23 studies in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"124","author":"Huxley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"302","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib11","article-title":"Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease","volume":"2009","author":"Di Angelantonio","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115483","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women, follow-up study of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study","volume":"131","author":"Jacobs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib13","first-page":"5A","article-title":"Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease\u2013the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"4","author":"Castelli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380200073024","article-title":"Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol level","volume":"256","author":"Castelli","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.79.1.8","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies","volume":"79","author":"Gordon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.6.2533","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men","volume":"89","author":"Kitamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108083250601","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"325","author":"Stampfer","year":"1991","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064278","article-title":"HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events","volume":"357","author":"Barter","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.086","article-title":"Clinical significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"51","author":"deGoma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00006","article-title":"Meta-analysis: statin therapy does not alter the association between low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased cardiovascular risk","volume":"153","author":"Jafri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60713-1","article-title":"HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events after treatment with potent statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial","volume":"376","author":"Ridker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52455.x","article-title":"The association between lipid levels and the risks of incident myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality, the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"52","author":"Psaty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2729","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study","volume":"285","author":"Sacco","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.13.1549","article-title":"High-density vs low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke in old age","volume":"163","author":"Weverling-Rijnsburger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070037026","article-title":"HDL-C predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older persons","volume":"274","author":"Corti","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.522706","article-title":"Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are protective against plaque progression, a follow-up study of 1952 persons with carotid atherosclerosis the Tromso study","volume":"112","author":"Johnsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00982-2","article-title":"Effect of pravastatin on coronary plaque volume","volume":"92","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.04.006","article-title":"Impact of low high-density lipoproteins on in-hospital events and one-year clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction acute coronary syndrome treated with drug-eluting stent implantation","volume":"98","author":"Wolfram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.102.suppl_3.III-90","article-title":"HDL cholesterol level predicts survival in men after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: 20-year experience from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation","volume":"102","author":"Foody","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.060","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein a-I: significance for cardiovascular risk: the IDEAL and EPIC-Norfolk studies","volume":"51","author":"van der Steeg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.219055","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the relationship of a dyslipidemia to coronary heart disease: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"31","author":"Robins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2012.05.002","article-title":"Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006","volume":"6","author":"Toth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"287","author":"Ford","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.03.005","article-title":"Prevalence and extent of dyslipidemia and recommended lipid levels in US adults with and without cardiovascular comorbidities: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004","volume":"156","author":"Ghandehari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0256","article-title":"Poor glycemic control is an independent risk factor for low HDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Gatti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0306","article-title":"Low HDL cholesterol and the risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: results of the ADVANCE study","volume":"35","author":"Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.06.058","article-title":"Prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with documented coronary heart disease or risk equivalent and controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"100","author":"Alsheikh-Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003\u20132006","volume":"13","author":"Ervin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1296","article-title":"Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988\u20131994 and 2005\u20132006","volume":"32","author":"Cowie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X74871","article-title":"High prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol in a pan-European survey of 8545 dyslipidaemic patients","volume":"21","author":"Bruckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33437-4","article-title":"Low levels of high-density lipoproteins in Turks, a population with elevated hepatic lipase. High-density lipoprotein characterization and gender-specific effects of apolipoprotein E genotype","volume":"41","author":"Mahley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26206","article-title":"Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"117","author":"Vaisar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-003-0010-5","article-title":"Reverse cholesterol transport: high-density lipoprotein's magnificent mile","volume":"5","author":"Toth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2010.08.011","article-title":"Activation of intracellular signaling systems by high-density lipoproteins","volume":"4","author":"Toth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(01)00651-7","article-title":"HDL and arteriosclerosis: beyond reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"161","author":"Nofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.6.861","article-title":"HDL3-mediated inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding occurs via decreased production of phosphoinositide-derived second messengers 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate","volume":"18","author":"Nofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1067\/mda.2001.118859","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein: epidemiology, metabolism, and antiatherogenic effects","volume":"47","author":"Toth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207373","article-title":"Effects of high-density lipoproteins on pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion","volume":"30","author":"Fryirs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001689","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Khera","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.09.013","article-title":"Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein in patients on chronic hemodialysis","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-006-0038-4","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein: is it always atheroprotective?","volume":"8","author":"Ansell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.101","article-title":"Low HDL-cholesterol is not a risk factor for recurrent vascular events in patients with vascular disease on intensive lipid-lowering medication","author":"van de Woestijne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.051","article-title":"Low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular events in stable ischemic heart disease patients: a post hoc analysis from the COURAGE trial","author":"Acharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b92","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b92","article-title":"Association between change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"338","author":"Briel","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.10.031","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Birjmohun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.030","article-title":"The current state of niacin in cardiovascular disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"61","author":"Lavigne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.5.499","article-title":"Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"297","author":"Nicholls","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773747","article-title":"Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden","volume":"117","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2007.02.004","article-title":"Should both HDL-C and LDL-C be targets for lipid therapy? A review of current evidence","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10852","article-title":"Statin-induced inhibition of the Rho-signaling pathway activates PPAR-\u03b1 and induces HDL apoA-I","volume":"107","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-006-0063-3","article-title":"The effects of statins on high-density lipoproteins","volume":"8","author":"Schaefer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.20.1615","article-title":"Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels","volume":"279","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.477","article-title":"Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force\/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS\/TexCAPS)","volume":"101","author":"Gotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526848","article-title":"Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as predictors of cardiovascular risk and treatment benefit in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER)","volume":"112","author":"Packard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.6.736","article-title":"Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy","volume":"99","author":"Ballantyne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.10.031","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Birjmohun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24N","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02149-X","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a activation and high-density lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"88","author":"Fruchart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91343-4","article-title":"Angiographic assessment of effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male post infarction patients","volume":"347","author":"Ericsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.7.2137","article-title":"Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol","volume":"96","author":"Frick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60656-3","article-title":"Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular out-comes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Jun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711123172001","article-title":"Helsinki Heart Study, primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"317","author":"Frick","year":"1987","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410604","article-title":"Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"341","author":"Rubins","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.1.21","article-title":"Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study","volume":"102","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1154","article-title":"Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.08.033","article-title":"Relation of clinical benefit of raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease (from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Trial)","volume":"103","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.584","article-title":"Long-term benefit of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-raising therapy with bezafibrate: 16-year mortality follow-up of the bezafibrate infarction prevention trial","volume":"169","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1543","article-title":"Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001282","article-title":"Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"362","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nm824","article-title":"PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect","volume":"9","author":"Tunaru","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.09.014","article-title":"Stimulation of CD36 and the key effector of reverse cholesterol transport ATP binding cassette A1 in monocytoid cells by niacin","volume":"67","author":"Rubic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1975.03240160024021","article-title":"Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease","volume":"231","year":"1975","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011083231901","article-title":"Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B","volume":"323","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-2-200501180-00008","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events","volume":"142","author":"Whitney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011090","article-title":"Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease","volume":"345","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000148955.19792.8D","article-title":"Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins","volume":"110","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X148508","article-title":"The effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness: ARBITER 3","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907569","article-title":"Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness","volume":"361","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107579","article-title":"Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy","volume":"365","author":"Boden","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib89","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk\/\u223cthrive\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030903","article-title":"Liver-X-receptor-mediated increase in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression is attenuated by fatty acids in CaCo-2 cells: effect on cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein","volume":"377","author":"Murthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.7.1547","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia","volume":"28","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000090521.25968.4D","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and blood lipids in type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"van Wijk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.21.joc60158","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"296","author":"Mazzone","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.13.1561","article-title":"Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Nissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67528-9","article-title":"Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in MacroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Dormandy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706628","article-title":"Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events","volume":"357","author":"Barter","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071359","article-title":"Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"356","author":"Kastelein","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61088-5","article-title":"Torcetrapib and carotid intima-media thickness in mixed dyslipidaemia (RADIANCE 2 study): a randomised, double blind trial","volume":"370","author":"Bots","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206797","article-title":"Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61813-3","article-title":"Effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, anacetrapib, on lipoproteins in patients with dyslipidaemia and on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in healthy individuals: two doubleblind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I studies","volume":"370","author":"Krishna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009744","article-title":"Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease","volume":"363","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib102","series-title":"REVEAL: randomized evaluation of the effects of anacetrapib through Lipid-modification","author":"Clinical trial.gov","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1649","article-title":"Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"306","author":"Nicholls","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002_bib104","unstructured":"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01687998."}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X13001620?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X13001620?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:48:32Z","timestamp":1761497312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X13001620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X13001620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Should low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) be treated?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}