{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:10:10Z","timestamp":1791889810858,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T11:12:47Z","timestamp":1457176367000},"page":"189-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of hypernatremia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Saif A.","family":"Muhsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Mount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.08.016","article-title":"Hypernatremia in the critically ill is an independent risk factor for mortality","volume":"50","author":"Lindner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.11.013","article-title":"Intensive care unit-acquired hypernatremia is an independent predictor of increased mortality and length of stay","volume":"28","author":"Waite","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.05.023","article-title":"Predialysis hypernatremia is a prognostic marker in acute kidney injury in need of renal replacement therapy","volume":"30","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.02.039","article-title":"Preoperative hypernatremia predicts increased perioperative morbidity and mortality","volume":"126","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011080865","article-title":"Body fluid dynamics: back to the future","volume":"22","author":"Bhave","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.02.395","article-title":"Volume depletion versus dehydration: how understanding the difference can guide therapy","volume":"58","author":"Bhave","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib7","series-title":"Harrison's principles of internal medicine","first-page":"295","article-title":"Fluid and electrolyte disturbances","author":"Mount","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1947.0037","article-title":"The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release","volume":"135","author":"Verney","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2006.02.001","article-title":"Water intake and the neural correlates of the consciousness of thirst","volume":"26","author":"McKinley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035634","article-title":"Neurophysiological characterisation of osmosensitive neurons","volume":"92","author":"Bourque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2000.0462","article-title":"The awareness of thirst: proposed neural correlates","volume":"9","author":"Sewards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2400","article-title":"Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation","volume":"9","author":"Bourque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1124","article-title":"Osmometry in osmosensory neurons","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/364341a0","article-title":"Mechanosensitive channels transduce osmosensitivity in supraoptic neurons","volume":"364","author":"Oliet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04670.x","article-title":"Calcium permeability and flux through osmosensory transduction channels of isolated rat supraoptic nucleus neurons","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12270","article-title":"Mechanical basis of osmosensory transduction in magnocellular neurosecretory neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"27","author":"Prager-Khoutorsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0877-06.2006","article-title":"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is required for intrinsic osmoreception in organum vasculosum lamina terminalis neurons and for normal thirst responses to systemic hyperosmolality","volume":"26","author":"Ciura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1614","article-title":"An N-terminal variant of Trpv1 channel is required for osmosensory transduction","volume":"9","author":"Sharif Naeini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.061","article-title":"DeltaN-TRPV1: a molecular co-detector of body temperature and osmotic stress","volume":"13","author":"Zaelzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1735416100","article-title":"Abnormal osmotic regulation in trpv4-\/- mice","volume":"100","author":"Liedtke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C96","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00559.2002","article-title":"Impaired osmotic sensation in mice lacking TRPV4","volume":"285","author":"Mizuno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.04.055","article-title":"Physiological and pathophysiological influences on thirst","volume":"81","author":"McKinley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-8194.2004.01184.x","article-title":"Vasopressin secretion: osmotic and hormonal regulation by the lamina terminalis","volume":"16","author":"McKinley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136650100","article-title":"Neural correlates of the emergence of consciousness of thirst","volume":"100","author":"Egan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib25","first-page":"R673","article-title":"Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep","volume":"276","author":"McKinley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.39","article-title":"Abnormalities of thirst regulation","volume":"25","author":"Robertson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00572.x","article-title":"Osmoregulation in clinical disorders of thirst appreciation","volume":"49","author":"McKenna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.12.028","article-title":"The molecular and cellular identity of peripheral osmoreceptors","volume":"69","author":"Lechner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.3.583","article-title":"Angiotensin, thirst, and sodium appetite","volume":"78","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31242","article-title":"Local production of angiotensin II in the subfornical organ causes elevated drinking","volume":"117","author":"Sakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1533","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00848.2007","article-title":"Osmoregulatory fluid intake but not hypovolemic thirst is intact in mice lacking angiotensin","volume":"294","author":"McKinley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01647.x","article-title":"Pathophysiological roles of arginine vasopressin and aquaporin-2 in impaired water excretion","volume":"58","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.03.009","article-title":"Vasopressin and aquaporin 2 in clinical disorders of water homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Schrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90825-7","article-title":"Neurogenic disorders of osmoregulation","volume":"72","author":"Robertson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib35","series-title":"The kidney","first-page":"459","article-title":"Disorders of water balance","author":"Verbalis","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170350","article-title":"Advances in understanding the urine-concentrating mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Sands","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib37","first-page":"1974","article-title":"Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle","volume":"9","author":"Mount","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.8.4296","article-title":"Severely impaired urinary concentrating ability in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-1 water channels","volume":"273","author":"Ma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5704","article-title":"Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice","volume":"103","author":"Chou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/5036","article-title":"Overt nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice lacking the CLC-K1 chloride channel","volume":"21","author":"Matsumura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.0192.2001","article-title":"Analysis of NaCl transport in thin ascending limb of Henle's loop in CLC-K1 null mice","volume":"282","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V3112","article-title":"Regulation of solute and water balance and cell volume in the central nervous system","volume":"3","author":"Strange","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib43","first-page":"F538","article-title":"Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid into brain in response to acute hyperosmolality","volume":"253","author":"Pullen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib44","first-page":"F1108","article-title":"Characterization of the major brain osmolytes that accumulate in salt-loaded rats","volume":"257","author":"Heilig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114587","article-title":"Effects of hypernatremia on organic brain osmoles","volume":"85","author":"Lien","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C995","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.276.5.C995","article-title":"Physiological significance of volume-regulatory transporters","volume":"276","author":"O'Neill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1282","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.263.6.C1282","article-title":"Osmoregulation of Na(+)-inositol cotransporter activity and mRNA levels in brain glial cells","volume":"263","author":"Paredes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.047","article-title":"Selective tonicity-induced expression of the neutral amino-acid transporter SNAT2 in oligodendrocytes in rat brain following systemic hypertonicity","volume":"153","author":"Maallem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.025","article-title":"Transcription factor tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) which transactivates osmoprotective genes is expressed and upregulated following acute systemic hypertonicity in neurons in brain","volume":"124","author":"Loyher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80086-X","article-title":"Effect of various therapeutic approaches on plasma potassium and major regulating factors in terminal renal failure","volume":"85","author":"Blumberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn476","article-title":"Can we really predict the change in serum sodium levels? an analysis of currently proposed formulae in hypernatraemic patients","volume":"23","author":"Lindner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-2-199601150-00002","article-title":"Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients","volume":"124","author":"Palevsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422006","article-title":"Hypernatremia","volume":"342","author":"Adrogue","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107193450304","article-title":"Defective urinary-concentrating ability due to a complete deficiency of aquaporin-1","volume":"345","author":"King","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009060672","article-title":"GSK3beta mediates renal response to vasopressin by modulating adenylate cyclase activity","volume":"21","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F642","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00287.2004","article-title":"Lithium treatment inhibits renal GSK-3 activity and promotes cyclooxygenase 2-dependent polyuria","volume":"288","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib57","first-page":"F471","article-title":"Integrated actions of renal medullary prostaglandins in the control of water excretion","volume":"240","author":"Stokes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.91","article-title":"Amiloride blocks lithium entry through the sodium channel thereby attenuating the resultant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"76","author":"Kortenoeven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070734","article-title":"alphaENaC-mediated lithium absorption promotes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"22","author":"Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01640408","article-title":"Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: renal effects of amiloride","volume":"3","author":"Bedford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198502143120705","article-title":"Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving long-term lithium therapy","volume":"312","author":"Batlle","year":"1985","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03704.x","article-title":"Osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion and thirst in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Baylis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1976.82","article-title":"Effects on the central nervous system of hypernatremic and hyponatremic states","volume":"10","author":"Arieff","year":"1976","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-2-309","article-title":"Hypernatremia in elderly patients. A heterogeneous, morbid, and iatrogenic entity","volume":"107","author":"Snyder","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01397.x","article-title":"Hypernatraemia and rhabdomyolysis","volume":"187","author":"Denman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35314","article-title":"Tonicity-dependent induction of Sgk1 expression has a potential role in dehydration-induced natriuresis in rodents","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.1.93","article-title":"Hypernatremia with edema","volume":"159","author":"Kahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90401-8","article-title":"New approach to disturbances in the plasma sodium concentration","volume":"81","author":"Rose","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12169-9","article-title":"Sodium","volume":"352","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31820a3a90","article-title":"Severe hypernatremia correction rate and mortality in hospitalized patients","volume":"341","author":"Alshayeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-37","article-title":"Undercorrection of hypernatremia is frequent and associated with mortality","volume":"15","author":"Bataille","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm932","article-title":"Correction of hypervolaemic hypernatraemia by inducing negative Na+ and K+ balance in excess of negative water balance: a new quantitative approach","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5049\/EBP.2013.11.1.29","article-title":"Paranoid Adipsia-induced severe hypernatremia and uremia treated with hemodialysis","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrolyte Blood Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736073","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/736073","article-title":"Hypernatremia: correction rate and hemodialysis","volume":"2014","author":"Nur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2011.00650.x","article-title":"Usefulness of continuous renal replacement therapy for correcting hypernatremia in a patient with severe congestive heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000443","article-title":"Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) versus conventional treatment for acute severe hypernatremia in critically ill patients: a retrospective study","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-2-228","article-title":"Desmopressin","volume":"103","author":"Richardson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/183891a0","article-title":"Chlorothiazid in diabetes insipidus","volume":"183","author":"Crawford","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0630533","article-title":"The antidiuretic effect of chronic hydrochlorothiazide treatment in rats with diabetes insipidus: renal mechanisms","volume":"63","author":"Shirley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00652750","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of micropuncture and lithium clearance methods in the assessment of renal tubular function in rats with diabetes insipidus","volume":"399","author":"Shirley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36970-8","article-title":"Influence of renal nerves and sodium balance on the acute antidiuretic effect of bendroflumethiazide in rats with diabetes insipidus","volume":"282","author":"Spannow","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib82","first-page":"F756","article-title":"Thiazide induces water absorption in the inner medullary collecting duct of normal and Brattleboro rats","volume":"277","author":"Cesar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000143476.93376.04","article-title":"Antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with upregulation of aquaporin-2, Na-Cl co-transporter, and epithelial sodium channel","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X16000415?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X16000415?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:51:55Z","timestamp":1761497515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X16000415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X16000415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and treatment of hypernatremia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}