{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:50:00Z","timestamp":1789005000350,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T02:30:50Z","timestamp":1508985050000},"page":"17-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Thyrotropic hormones"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Meera","family":"Mallya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Ogilvy-Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0915","article-title":"Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"117","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1891","article-title":"European society for paediatric endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"99","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.2.6.406","article-title":"The spectrum of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: diagnosis, management and long-term prognosis","volume":"2","author":"Amino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib4","series-title":"Practical endocrinology and diabetes in children","author":"Raine","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.02.002","article-title":"Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-2-677","article-title":"Ontogenesis of the nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptor in the human fetal brain","volume":"114","author":"Bernal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210103","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis","volume":"321","author":"Vulsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib8","series-title":"Pediatric endocrinology","first-page":"161","article-title":"Disorders of the thyroid in the newborn and infant","author":"Fisher","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)31344-7","article-title":"Thyroid function in premature infants","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199711000-00009","article-title":"Thyroid function in very preterm infant: influences of gestational age and disease","volume":"42","author":"Van Wassenaer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib11","first-page":"211","article-title":"Low thyroxinaemia occurs in the majority of very preterm newborns","volume":"155","author":"Roonan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Our J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib12","first-page":"197","article-title":"Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"79","author":"Glinoer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1603","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid Pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications","volume":"91","author":"Negro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.7.3.127","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening","volume":"7","author":"Allan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000262054.03531.24","article-title":"Perinatal significance of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Casey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2855","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia and TPO-antibody positivity are risk factors for premature delivery: the generation R study","volume":"98","author":"Korevaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70086-X","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1992.2.155","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies","volume":"2","author":"McKenkie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib20","first-page":"946","article-title":"Low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism","volume":"84","author":"Millar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12744","article-title":"Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease","volume":"83","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib22","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Incidence of transient congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in over one million babies","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0533","article-title":"Determinants of serum T4 and T3 at the time of diagnosis in nosological types of thyrotoxicosis: a population-based study","volume":"169","author":"Carle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2860","article-title":"Treatment of Graves' disease with antithyroid drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital malformation","volume":"97","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2831","article-title":"Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study","volume":"98","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30418","article-title":"Carbimazole embryopathy: an emerging phenotype","volume":"132A","author":"Foulds","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0524","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs and congenital heart defects: ventricular septal defect is part of the methimazole\/carbimazole embryopathy","volume":"171","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E337","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0652","article-title":"Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and birth defects","volume":"95","author":"Clementi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1987.tb09269.x","article-title":"Hormones in milk","volume":"6","author":"Kolovsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1979.tb06192.x","article-title":"Breast milk thyroxine and not cow's milk may mitigate and delay the clinical picture of neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"277","author":"Sack","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.26.507","article-title":"Presence of triiodothyronine, no detectable thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine in human milk","volume":"26","author":"Sato","year":"1979","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198306000-00008","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in human milk and their influence on thyroid function of breast-fed babies","volume":"17","author":"Mizuta","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib33","first-page":"410","article-title":"Serum thyroxine values in breast-fed infants [letter]","volume":"138","author":"Bengale","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80481-9","article-title":"Neonatal thyroid function: comparison between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants","volume":"106","author":"Franklin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib35","first-page":"220","article-title":"Thyroid function tests in neonates fed human milk","volume":"137","author":"Hahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.1.13","article-title":"Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding","volume":"62","author":"Bode","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.4.703","article-title":"Lack of protective effect of breast-feeding in congenital hypothyroidism: report of 12 cases","volume":"65","author":"Letarte","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib38","first-page":"319","article-title":"Does breast-feeding protect the hypothyroid infant whose condition is diagnosed by newborn screening?","volume":"144","author":"Rovet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01526.x","article-title":"The quantity of thyroid hormone in human milk is too low to influence plasma thyroid hormone levels in the very preterm infant","volume":"56","author":"van Wassenaer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80366-8","article-title":"Effect of breast-feeding vs formula-feeding on circulating thyroxine levels in premature infants","volume":"106","author":"Oberkotter","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80007-3","article-title":"Concentration of thyroid hormones and prolactin in dairy cattle serum and milk at three stages of lactation","volume":"70","author":"Akasha","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-177-41957","article-title":"Thyroxine and triiodothyronine in milk of cows, goats, sheep, and Guinea pigs","volume":"177","author":"Akasha","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib43","first-page":"232","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in milk and blood of lactating donkeys as affected by stage of lactation and dietary supplementation with trace elements","volume":"79","author":"Todini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500265","article-title":"Potent thyrotrophin receptor-blocking antibodies: a cause of transient congenital hypothyroidism and delayed thyroid development","volume":"150","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442312","article-title":"Neonatal thyrotoxicosis treated with exchange transfusion and Lugol's iodine","volume":"143","author":"Wit","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.6.787","article-title":"Acquired neonatal thyroid disease due to TSH receptor antibodies in breast milk","volume":"19","author":"T\u00f6rnhage","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430208","article-title":"Drug therapy for breast-feeding women","volume":"343","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1992.tb01956.x","article-title":"Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Buckshee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust N. Z J Obstetrics Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200410001-00014","article-title":"Failure to thrive in a four-month-old nursing infant","volume":"25","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92575-3","article-title":"Excretion of carbimazole and propylthiouracil in breast milk","volume":"2","author":"Low","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91233-7","article-title":"Propylthiouracil in human milk. Revision of a dogma","volume":"1","author":"Kampmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01283.x","article-title":"Recovery from foetal hypothyroidism: evidence for the safety of breast-feeding while taking propylthiouracil","volume":"31","author":"Momotani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01078.x","article-title":"Thyroid function in wholly breast-feeding infants whose mothers take high doses of propylthiouracil","volume":"53","author":"Momotani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-3-473","article-title":"Methimazole pharmacology in man: studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole*","volume":"58","author":"Cooper","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613617","article-title":"Excretion of methimazole in human milk","volume":"23","author":"Johansen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70342-6","article-title":"Effect of methimazole treatment of maternal thyrotoxicosis on thyroid function in breast-feeding infants","volume":"128","author":"Azizi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.9.6810","article-title":"Thyroid function and intellectual development of infants nursed by mothers taking methimazole","volume":"85","author":"Azizi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"8_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0141","article-title":"Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"92","author":"Abalovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000336595","article-title":"Breastfeeding and antithyroid drugs: a view from within","volume":"1","author":"Karras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X17301045?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X17301045?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:51:51Z","timestamp":1761497511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X17301045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X17301045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thyrotropic hormones","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}