{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:38:21Z","timestamp":1789763901031,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009432","name":"Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T20:16:14Z","timestamp":1574453774000},"page":"101364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Thyroid gland and brain: Enigma of Hashimoto's encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Leonid P.","family":"Churilov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina A.","family":"Sobolevskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri I.","family":"Stroev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib1","first-page":"71","article-title":"The tale of the knights of the shield: history of ideas in thyroidology","author":"Churilov","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib2","series-title":"Languages of the brain: experimental paradoxes and principles in neuropsychology","first-page":"452","author":"Pribram","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.09.013","article-title":"Local protein synthesis, actin dynamics, and LTP consolidation","volume":"18","author":"Bramham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2007.08.018","article-title":"BDNF: a key regulator for protein synthesis -dependent LTP and long-term memory?","volume":"89","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201100072","article-title":"Temporal proteomic profile of memory consolidation in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus","volume":"11","author":"Monopoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.12.012","article-title":"Quality of life and neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with Graves' orbitopathy: current concepts","volume":"17","author":"Bruscolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.1994_4771","article-title":"Activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases in experimental hyperthyroidism in muscle tissues of the rabbit","volume":"41","author":"Pasternak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1139\/o80-061","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of translation in tadpole tail muscle","volume":"58","author":"Saleem","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06862.x","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone replacement on associative learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in adult hypothyroid rats","volume":"30","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lamo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6997","article-title":"Promoter-specific regulation of the brain-derived neurotropic factor gene by thyroid hormone in the developing rat cerebellum","volume":"140","author":"Koibuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0036","article-title":"The effect of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy on brain development in rat offspring","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.133.3.631","article-title":"Neurotrophins promote the survival and development of neurons in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rats in\u00a0vivo","volume":"133","author":"Neveu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.12.010","article-title":"Administration of thyroid hormone increases reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus in\u00a0vivo","volume":"1313","author":"Sui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22792","article-title":"Effects of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine on microglial functions","volume":"63","author":"Mori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1760039","article-title":"Hypothyroidism alters the expression of Bcl-2 family genes to induce enhanced apoptosis in developing cerebellum","volume":"146","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib16","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones on apoptotic cell death of human lymphocytes","volume":"84","author":"Mihara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.09.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2003.09.018","article-title":"Alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of adult hippocampus following developmental hypothyroidism","volume":"148","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0395","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of the neonatal rat hippocampus","volume":"144","author":"Sui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.08.010","article-title":"Levothyroxine rescues the lead-induced hypothyroidism and impairment of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 region of the developmental rats","volume":"256","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0023","article-title":"Thyroid hormone promotes neuronal differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells by inhibiting STAT3 signaling through TR\u03b11","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib22","first-page":"2060","article-title":"Research on iodine deficiency and goiter in the 19th and early 20th centuries","volume":"138","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.05.004","article-title":"New insights into the etiopathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: the role of genetics and epigenetics","volume":"17","author":"Ralli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2013.11.002","article-title":"\u0410utoimmune thyroiditis: \u0421entennial jubilee of a social disease and its comorbidity","volume":"21","author":"Churilov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib25","series-title":"Immunoendocrinology: scientific and clinical aspects\/G.S. Eisenbarth","first-page":"443","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of thyroiditis. Chapter 27","author":"Su","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib26","first-page":"749","article-title":"Linking iodine with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"107","author":"Rose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1559631","article-title":"The role of iodine and selenium in autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"47","author":"Duntas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib28","first-page":"95","article-title":"Alternative splicing, autoimmunity and inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin J Pathophysiol"},{"issue":"4627","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib29","first-page":"55","article-title":"Myxoedematous madness","author":"Asher","year":"1949","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib30","series-title":"J.\u00a0The Citadel","first-page":"446","author":"Cronin","year":"1937"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib31","first-page":"260","article-title":"Hypothyroidism presenting as psychosis: myxedema madness revisited","volume":"5","author":"Heinrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.11.1745","article-title":"The association between Alzheimer's disease and thyroid disease in Rochester, Minnesota","volume":"41","author":"Yoshimasu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1514","article-title":"Thyroid function and the risk of Alzheimer disease: the Framingham study","volume":"168","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2018.07.095","article-title":"In Search of a link between Alzheimer's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"25","author":"Kozyrev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib35","first-page":"49","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility","volume":"32","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1242","article-title":"Cognitive function in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"95","author":"Samuels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3796","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism, mood, and cognition in older adults: a review","volume":"28","author":"Joffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(61)72892-0","article-title":"Some psychiatric syndromes in internal medicine","volume":"2","author":"Szyrynski","year":"1961","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00023-8","article-title":"Endocrine disorders and the cerebellum: from neurodevelopmental injury to late-onset ataxia","volume":"155","author":"Manto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01250.x","article-title":"An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function\u2013a clinical fact or an artefact?","volume":"106","author":"Engum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006","article-title":"Thyroid disease and cognition","volume":"43","author":"Samuels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metabol Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0035","article-title":"Depression in patients with euthyroid chronic autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"59","author":"Kirim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0418","article-title":"Is thyroid autoimmunity itself associated with psychological well-being in euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis?","volume":"64","author":"Yalcin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.002","article-title":"The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a comparative study","volume":"36","author":"Giynas Ayhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7144","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)91424-0","article-title":"Cerebellar syndrome in myxoedema","volume":"2","author":"Jellinek","year":"1960","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(61)90021-2","article-title":"Frame B. Nervous and muscular systems in myxedema","volume":"14","author":"Nickel","year":"1961","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"7462","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92876-5","article-title":"Hashimoto's disease and encephalopathy","volume":"288","author":"Lord Brain","year":"1966","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib48","first-page":"219","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der lymphomat\u00f6sen Ver\u00e4nderung der Schilddr\u00fcse (Struma lymphomatosa)","volume":"97","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1912","journal-title":"Archiv Klin Chir (Berlin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00302-6","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated to autoimmune thyroid disease: a more appropriate term for an underestimated condition?","volume":"176","author":"Canton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.18.1.14","article-title":"Long-term treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.197","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"63","author":"Castillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib52","first-page":"1945","article-title":"The clinical spectrum, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (recurrent acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.164","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: syndrome or myth?","volume":"60","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.09.007","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: epidemiologic data and pathogenetic considerations","volume":"217","author":"Ferracci","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.01.014","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a rare proteiform disorder","volume":"15","author":"Montanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.06.020","article-title":"Status epilepticus in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Ercoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31803174c0","article-title":"Psychiatric presentation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"69","author":"Arrojo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib58","first-page":"4168050","article-title":"Delirious mania associated with autoimmune gastrothyroidal syndrome of a mid-life female: the role of Hashimoto's encephalopathy and a 3-year follow-up including serum autoantibody levels","volume":"2016","author":"Bonnet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.01.001","article-title":"Two cases of catatonia with thyroid dysfunction","volume":"55","author":"Iskandar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib60","first-page":"39","article-title":"Role of hypocalcemia and vitamin D3 in pathogenesis of phobias in chronic autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"8","author":"Stroev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.08.007","article-title":"Cerebellopathy secondary to anti-peroxidase antibody-mediated toxicity. A special case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"312","author":"\u00c1lvarez Bravo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.09.030","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and therapy of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: report of two cases","volume":"288","author":"Mijajlovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G144","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin","volume":"39","author":"Deutsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00508.x","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy after interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus in adult liver transplant recipient accompanied by post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder related to Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Hori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib65","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Exacerbations associated with menstrual cycle Neurology","volume":"59","author":"Sellal","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib66","first-page":"995","article-title":"A\u00a0case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy with a relapsing course related to menstrual cycle","volume":"33","author":"Ishii","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00605.x","article-title":"Lithium-induced Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Nagamine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.09.011","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy in a preschool girl","volume":"42","author":"Castro-Gago","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.172","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease","volume":"66","author":"Seipelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001045","article-title":"Congenital hemophilia A presenting with Hashimoto's encephalopathy and myocarditis: the first reported case","volume":"40","author":"Ergul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2017.07.008","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy in pediatric patients: homogeneity in clinical presentation and heterogeneity in antibody titers","volume":"4 0","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.234","article-title":"Thyrotoxic Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Barker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.504","article-title":"Thyrotoxic autoimmune encephalopathy: a repeat positron emission tomography study","volume":"74","author":"Seo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"e9949","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0thyroid storm patient with protracted disturbance of consciousness and reversible lesion in the splenium of corpus callosum: a case report","volume":"97","author":"Namatame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib75","first-page":"16817","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a report of three cases and relevant literature reviews","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414554299","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy or neurosarcoidosis? A case report","volume":"5","author":"Sapkota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959211","article-title":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis, distal renal tubular acidosis, pernicious anaemia and encephalopathy: a rare combination of auto-immune disorders in a 12-year-old girl","volume":"153","author":"Suzuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102368","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.003","article-title":"Autoimmune comorbidity in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.01.003","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in patients with systemic sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.016","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy associated rapid onset narcolepsy type 1","volume":"29","author":"Georgiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12262","article-title":"Pediatric Hashimoto's encephalopathy with peripheral nervous system involvement","volume":"56","author":"Salpietro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205164","article-title":"Neuroimmune aspects of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and adverse effects of HPV vaccination: the role of autoimmunity, neuroinflammation and small fiber neuropathy","volume":"20","author":"Ryabkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.07.004","article-title":"A\u00a0case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: association with sensory ganglionopathy","volume":"238","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000048660.71390.C6","article-title":"Antithyroid antibodies in the CSF: their role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Ferracci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.05.012","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: report of three cases","volume":"113","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib87","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy associated with an elevated intrathecal IgG4 level","volume":"260","author":"Hosoi","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib88","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the CSF of a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy Neurology","volume":"54","author":"Hernandez Echebarria","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib89","first-page":"1273","article-title":"14-3-3 protein in the CSF of a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"251","author":"Vander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/089198870201500309","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy in the elderly: relationship to cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"7971","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92207-8","article-title":"Hashimoto's disease, encephalopathy,and splenic atrophy","volume":"I","author":"Jellinek","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.37.6.696","article-title":"Episodic encephalopathy associated with thyroid disorders","volume":"37","author":"Thrush","year":"1974","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(86)80121-8","article-title":"Encephalopathy in compensated Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: a clinical expression of autoimmune cerebral vasculitis","volume":"8","author":"Shein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2003.06.002","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an additional case","volume":"14","author":"Bertoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(97)90018-7","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"4","author":"Sue","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90011-6","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: etiologic considerations","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050613","article-title":"Steroid-sensitive Enzephalopathie bei Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis","volume":"71","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.04.012","article-title":"Central nervous system vasculitis with positive antithyroid antibodies in an adolescent boy","volume":"45","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.601-a","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking Creutzfeldt \u2013 Jakob disease: brain biopsy findings","volume":"73","author":"Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090462.62087.A1","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: postmortem findings after fatal status epilepticus","volume":"61","author":"Duffey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib101","first-page":"191","article-title":"Isolated angiitis of the CNS associated with Hashimoto's disease","volume":"32","author":"Shibata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.769","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a brainstem vasculitis?","volume":"54","author":"Nolte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib103","first-page":"461","article-title":"Enc\u00e9phalopathie d'Hashimoto: une observation anatomo-clinique","volume":"158","author":"Perrot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00201-5","article-title":"Peroxidases","volume":"129","author":"O'Brien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.009","article-title":"Identification and characterization of VPO1, a new animal heme-containing peroxidase","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib106","first-page":"30043","article-title":"The antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200102000-00001","article-title":"Absence of cross-reactivity to myeloperoxidase of anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"321","author":"Freire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199408000-00010","article-title":"Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"308","author":"Masor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202064109","article-title":"Human fibrocytes coexpress thyroglobulin and thyrotropin receptor","volume":"109","author":"Fernando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2001","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor structure-function relationships","volume":"82","author":"Szkudlinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib111","first-page":"812","article-title":"The expression of thyrotropin receptor in the brain","volume":"142","author":"Crisanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.11.027","article-title":"Immuno-localisation of anti-thyroid antibodies in adult human cerebral cortex","volume":"302","author":"Moodley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.08.012","article-title":"Anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies from patients with Hashimoto's encephalopathy bind to cerebellar astrocytes","volume":"192","author":"Blanchin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811306010012","article-title":"Aging-reversing properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"6","author":"Pierpaoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(71)90441-4","article-title":"Prolactin and thyrotropin release in man by synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide","volume":"45","author":"Bowers","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochem BiophysRes Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107421","article-title":"Thyroid hormone inhibition of the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"52","author":"Snyder","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.06.012","article-title":"The thyroid axis, prolactin and exercise in humans","volume":"9","author":"Hackney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.103","article-title":"Primary hypothyroidism with exceptionally high prolactin\u2014a really big deal","volume":"91","author":"Khorassanizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hyperprolactinemia in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"35","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.10.005","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia and autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Orbacha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"8228","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92226-1","article-title":"Epileptic seizures induced by thyrotropin releasing hormone","volume":"1","author":"Maeda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib122","first-page":"55","article-title":"Thyro\u00efdite d'Hashimoto et enc\u00e9phalopathie myoclonique","volume":"141","author":"Latinville","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hypotheses pathog\u00e9niques Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib123","first-page":"147","article-title":"Thyro\u00efdit\u00e9 de Hashimoto et enc\u00e9phalopathie","volume":"23","author":"Mauriac","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev Fr Endocrinol Clin Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib124","first-page":"371","article-title":"Enc\u00e9palopathie d'Hashimoto: toxique ou auto-immune?","volume":"148","author":"Ghawche","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199511000-00005","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced myoclonus and tremor in a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"310","author":"Ishii","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib126","first-page":"70","article-title":"Ageing, thyroid and autoallergy: new insight into pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"121","author":"Churilov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiener Klin Wschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.11.029","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy comorbid with Pisa syndrome under Quetiapine in one elderly man","volume":"35","author":"Tseng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.08.009","article-title":"An evolving redefinition of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"18","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib129","series-title":"From dream to discovery: on being a scientist","first-page":"419","author":"Selye","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03307-0","article-title":"Proteome analysis of human brain identifies \u03b1-enolase as a novel autoantigen in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"528","author":"Ochi","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.02.004","article-title":"Autoantibodies against the amino terminal of \u03b1-enolase are a useful diagnostic marker of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"162","author":"Fujii","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.01.018","article-title":"High prevalence of serum autoantibodies against the amino terminal of alpha-enolase in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"185","author":"Yoneda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib133","first-page":"271","article-title":"[Anti-NAE autoantibodies and clinical spectrum in Hashimoto's encephalopathy]","volume":"57","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rinsho Byori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001204","article-title":"[A case of dementia with Lewy bodies and Hashimoto's encephalopathy successfully treated with immunotherapy]","author":"Ikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116453","article-title":"Serial brain MRI changes related to autoimmune pathophysiology in Hashimoto's encephalopathy with anti-NAE antibodies: a case-series study","volume":"406","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000910","article-title":"Multifunctional alpha-enolase: its role in diseases","volume":"58","author":"Pancholi","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMLS Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2016.02.005","article-title":"Progress in the biological function of alpha-enolase","volume":"2","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.10.024","article-title":"Autoimmunity against a glycolytic enzyme as a possible cause for persistent symptoms in Lyme disease","volume":"110","author":"Maccallini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1086\/317604","article-title":"Antibodies to streptococcal surface enolase react with human \u03b1-enolase: implications in poststreptococcal sequelae","volume":"182","author":"Font\u00e0n","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.10.004","article-title":"Alpha-enolase: a target of autoantibodies in infectious and autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Terrier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"8224","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92682-9","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase is produced by neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"317","author":"Tapia","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib142","first-page":"65","article-title":"S\u0435rum n\u0435uron-s\u0440\u0435\u0441ifi\u0441 enol\u0430s\u0435 in \u0441hildren\u2019s cancer","volume":"56","author":"\u0421oo\u0440\u0435r","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.110.1.94.897","article-title":"Pituitary autoantibodies in lymphocytic hypophysitis target both gamma- and alpha-enolase \u2014 a link with pregnancy?","volume":"110","author":"O'Dwyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.012","article-title":"The roles and applications of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.09.005","article-title":"Autoimmune retinopathy and optic neuropathy associated with enolase-positive renal oncocytoma","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib146","first-page":"585","article-title":"Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: an orchestra with several musicians","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pint\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00220a034","article-title":"Role of cell-surface lysines in plasminogen binding to cells: identification of alpha-enolase as a candidate plasminogen receptor","volume":"30","author":"Miles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1980.tb09967.x","article-title":"Blood platelets contain a neuron-specific enolase subunit","volume":"34","author":"Marangos","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib149","first-page":"34","article-title":"[Thrombocyte parameters in hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis treated and non-treated with Levothyroxine\u00ae]","volume":"21","author":"Baranov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pathophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20771","article-title":"Concurrent immune thrombocytopenic purpura and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"82","author":"Kohli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-689","article-title":"A\u00a0rare association of localized scleroderma type morphea, vitiligo, autoimmune hypothyroidism, pneumonitis, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura and central nervous system vasculitis. Case report","volume":"5","author":"Bonilla-Abad\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.02.027","article-title":"Anti \u03b1-enolase antibody is a novel autoimmune biomarker for unexplained recurrent miscarriages","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib153","first-page":"193","article-title":"Autoimmune tautology in a complex case of polyautoimmunity: systemic sclerosis, autoimmune liver involvement, antiphospholipid syndrome and hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib154","first-page":"473","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: exploring the potential interplay between thyroid disorders and pregnancy outcome in an Italian cohort","volume":"19","author":"Triggianese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(11)60040-0","article-title":"Induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by anti-alpha-enolase antibody","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000358220","article-title":"Pathophysiological decrease in the regional cerebral blood flow in Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a multiple-case SPECT study","volume":"72","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102073","article-title":"\u03b1-Enolase expressed on the surfaces of monocytes and macrophages induces robust synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"189","author":"Bae","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"m777","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.03.008","article-title":"Cognitive and affective dysfunctions in autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"41","author":"Leyhe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.05.004","article-title":"Differential modulation of CXCL8 versus CXCL10, by cytokines, PPAR-gamma, or PPAR-alpha agonists, in primary cells from Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.1.27","article-title":"Specificity and promiscuity among naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR alleles","volume":"178","author":"Chicz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.08.005","article-title":"Anti-neuronal autoantibody in Hashimoto's encephalopathy: neuropathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis of two patients","volume":"217","author":"Oide","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.05.038","article-title":"Brain-reactive autoantibodies are nearly ubiquitous in human sera and may be linked to pathology in the context of blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown","volume":"1345","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2012.07.003","article-title":"Immunophysiology versus immunopathology: natural autoimmunity in human health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Poletaev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939309019934","article-title":"The kaleidoscope of autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.02.015","article-title":"Novel autoantigens recognized by CSF IgG from Hashimoto's encephalitis revealed by a proteomic approach","volume":"196","author":"Gini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.04.004","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy and antibodies against dimethylargininase-1: a rare cause of cognitive decline in a pediatric Down's syndrome patient","volume":"113","author":"Verhelst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.45","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy and Down syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Brodtmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.06.002","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy and anti-MOG antibody encephalitis: 50 years after Lord Brain's description","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1200-0_30","article-title":"Gangliosides, the thyrotropin receptor, and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"174","author":"Lacetti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.03.011","article-title":"Increased prevalence of antibodies to central nervous system tissue and gangliosides in Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared to other thyroid illnesses","volume":"34","author":"M\u00fcssig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.06.028","article-title":"Evaluation of titers of antibodies against peptides of subunits NR1 and NR2B of glutamate receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in psychiatric patients with anti-thyroid antibodies","volume":"628","author":"Ikura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0823-4","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalitis associated with AMPAR2 antibodies: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib173","first-page":"177","article-title":"Encefalopat\u00eda de Hashimoto: reported caso y revision de la literature","volume":"11","author":"Mantilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Arg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.09.008","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking a brain tumor and its pathological findings: a case report","volume":"394","author":"Uwatoko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6181","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006181","article-title":"Limbic encephalitis associated with anti-NH2-terminal of \u03b1-enolase antibodies: a clinical subtype of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"96","author":"Kishitani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760043477","article-title":"Rarity of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis: a case series from Mayo Clinic from 1950 to 1996","volume":"12","author":"Sawka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7298","DOI":"10.5867\/medwave.2018.06.7298","article-title":"Current knowledge on Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a literature review","volume":"18","author":"Pinedo-Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medwave"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib178","series-title":"Understanding Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a guide for patients, families and caregivers. Featuring HE patient stories from around the world","first-page":"472","author":"Hashimoto\u2019s Encephalopathy SREAT Alliance","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib179","series-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy \u2013 an autoimmune disease of the brain","first-page":"242","author":"Gusova","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2018.07.094","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of psychic disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"25","author":"Churilov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib181","series-title":"On the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 11th International Congress on Autoimmunity. Lisbon","author":"Sobolevskaia","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib182","series-title":"Advances in autoimmunology \u2013 2019. 4th academy of autoimmunity. Proceedings of the international scientific school-conference. Saint Petersburg, 11-13 October 2019","first-page":"52","article-title":"Anti-thyroid autoimmunity and psychic disorders","author":"Sobolevskaia","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183979","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9183979","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease: a potentially reversible condition","volume":"2016","author":"Correia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_440_16","article-title":"Psychiatric presentations heralding Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a systematic review and analysis of cases reported in literature","volume":"8","author":"Menon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib185","article-title":"Positive anti-NMDAR antibodies in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and mental disorder","author":"Sobolevskaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib186","article-title":"Positive anti-GABAB receptors antibodies in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and bipolar affective disorder","author":"Sobolevskaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib187","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy IgG targeting thyroid peroxidase induce depression in na\u00efve mice: results of preliminary study","author":"Drori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib188","first-page":"85","article-title":"Manifestation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy with psychotic signs: a case presentation","volume":"29","author":"Kisabay","year":"2016","journal-title":"D\u00fcs\u00fcnen Adam J Psychiatry Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib189","first-page":"17","article-title":"A\u00a0novel assessment and treatment approach to patients with Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"2018","author":"Laycock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP1105452D","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a long-lasting remission induced by intravenous immunoglobulins","volume":"68","author":"Drulovi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.002","article-title":"Passively acquired thyroid autoantibodies from intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune encephalitis: two case reports","volume":"383","author":"Uchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.836706","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: four cases and review of literature","volume":"124","author":"Gul Mert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00212","article-title":"Plasmapheresis responsive rapid onset dementia with predominantly frontal dysfunction in the context of hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Endres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21353","article-title":"The use of plasma exchange in Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Apher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.09.019","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"35","author":"Gauthier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib196","first-page":"737","article-title":"Steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) in childhood","volume":"27","author":"Patnaik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.013","article-title":"Antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis affect glucose metabolism of anterior cingulate","author":"Pilhatsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.10.001","article-title":"The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with Graves' disease (with or without ophthalmopathy): review of the literature and report of a large series","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364_bib200","series-title":"Advances in autoimmunology \u2013 2019. 4th academy of autoimmunity. Proceedings of the international scientific school-conference. Saint Petersburg, 11-13 October 2019","first-page":"125","article-title":"Reactions of mice brain to intracerebroventricular injection of thyroid peroxidase antibodies","author":"Novikova","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X19301150?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X19301150?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:55:18Z","timestamp":1761497718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X19301150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X19301150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thyroid gland and brain: Enigma of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101364","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101364"}}