{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T02:05:13Z","timestamp":1794708313502,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:35:32Z","timestamp":1613608532000},"page":"101506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Virili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Stramazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Centanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041841","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of T cells during inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00598","article-title":"Leaky gut as a danger signal for autoimmune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00282","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and innate immunity and its implication in autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075053","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function","volume":"30","author":"Spits","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.12.001","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions: epigenomic regulation","volume":"44","author":"Woo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib6","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Natural killer cell activation enhances immune pathology and promotes chronic infection by limiting CD8+ T-cell immunity","volume":"109","author":"Lang","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3920","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues","volume":"15","author":"Lavin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2564-6","article-title":"Mucosal or systemic microbiota exposures shape the B cell repertoire","volume":"584","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03093","article-title":"Bacterial immunogenicity is critical for the induction of regulatory B cells in suppressing inflammatory immune responses","volume":"10","author":"Maerz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00054","article-title":"Innate sensing of the gut microbiota: modulation of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"7","author":"Ignacio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12575","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions and adaptive immunity","volume":"279","author":"McCoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206095","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota","volume":"332","author":"Round","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10957","article-title":"Pathogen-induced human TH17 cells produce IFN-\u03b3 or IL-10 and are regulated by IL-1\u03b2","volume":"484","author":"Zielinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib16","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"12204","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020","article-title":"Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity","volume":"167","author":"Schirmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.50","article-title":"The dichotomous nature of T helper 17 cells","volume":"17","author":"Stockinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.08.015","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids in IFN-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells: involvement of NF-kappaB and ERK signaling pathways","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x","article-title":"The \u2019hygiene hypothesis\u2019 for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update","volume":"160","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12765","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"152","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.009","article-title":"Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib24","first-page":"101388","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease: clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy. Best practice & research","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Endocr Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.11.019","article-title":"The epidemiology of Graves\u2019 disease: evidence of a genetic and an environmental contribution","volume":"34","author":"Hemminki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.09.002","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease: introduction, epidemiology, endogenous and environmental pathogenic factors","volume":"79","author":"W\u00e9meau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019 Endocrinologie (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01105-7","article-title":"Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Scappaticcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9363-2","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"17","author":"Benvenga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.24151","article-title":"Molecular alteration analysis of human gut microbial composition in Graves\u2019 disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Ishaq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0001","article-title":"Alteration of the intestinal flora may participate in the development of Graves\u2019 disease: a study conducted among the Han population in southwest China","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine Connection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa511","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis contributes to the imbalance of Treg and Th17 cells in Graves\u2019 disease patients by propionic acid","volume":"105","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20191242","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota changes in Graves\u2019 disease: a prospective clinical study","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0193","article-title":"Gut microbiota may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 disease","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598170","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.598170","article-title":"Gut microbiota participates in antithyroid drug induced liver injury through the lipopolysaccharide related signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E192","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040192","article-title":"Differential microbial pattern description in subjects with autoimmune-based thyroid diseases: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Cornejo-Pareja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Personalized Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01298-2","article-title":"Comparative assessment of gut microbial composition and function in patients with Graves\u2019 disease and Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12760","article-title":"The immune response to Prevotella bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease","volume":"151","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ072","article-title":"Lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities","volume":"60","author":"Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.7.3733","article-title":"Lactobacilli and Streptococci activate NF-kappa B and STAT signaling pathways in human macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Miettinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906","article-title":"The genus Alistipes: gut bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, cancer, and mental health","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314759","article-title":"Increased human intestinal barrier permeability plasma biomarkers zonulin and FABP2 correlated with plasma LPS and altered gut microbiome in anxiety or depression","volume":"67","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26700-1","article-title":"Combining micro-RNA and protein sequencing to detect robust biomarkers for Graves\u2019 disease and orbitopathy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib43","first-page":"GP71","article-title":"The randomised probiotic trial of indigo study (investigation of novel biomarkers and definition of role of the microbiome in Graves\u2019 orbitopathy)","volume":"63","author":"Salvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Abstr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0806317","article-title":"Clinical practice. Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"360","author":"Bartalena","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib45","first-page":"16","article-title":"Current knowledge on Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"10","author":"Gontarz-Nowak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1824","article-title":"Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a novel explanation of the biological link","volume":"92","author":"Cawood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0478-4","article-title":"INDIGO consortium. Gut microbiota in experimental murine model of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy established in different environments may modulate clinical presentation of disease","volume":"6","author":"Masetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-1010-9","article-title":"Alterations in the intestinal microbiota of patients with severe and active Graves\u2019 orbitopathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9736968","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9736968","article-title":"The potential link between gut microbiota and serum TRAb in Chinese patients with severe and active Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"2019","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9467-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Virili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib51","first-page":"101367","article-title":"Hashimotos\u2019 thyroiditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best practice & research","volume":"33","author":"Ragusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical endocrinology & metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0307","article-title":"The proportion of peripheral blood Tregs among the CD4+ T cells of autoimmune thyroid disease patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.04.012","article-title":"BREG cells in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis isolated or associated to further organ-specific autoimmune diseases","volume":"184","author":"Santaguida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04419.x","article-title":"Increased interleukin-4-positive lymphocytes in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and concurrent non-endocrine autoimmune disorders","volume":"165","author":"Santaguida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib55","first-page":"288","article-title":"The influence of the normal microbial flora on the susceptibility of rats to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"72","author":"Penhale","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200203000-00008","article-title":"Increased colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes in patients with hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"34","author":"Cindoruk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047498","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in enterocytes in subjects with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"53","author":"Sasso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0345","article-title":"Functional toll-like receptor 4 conferring lipopolysaccharide responsiveness is expressed in thyroid cells","volume":"150","author":"Nicola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.101","article-title":"Molecular estimation of alteration in intestinal microbial composition in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients","volume":"95","author":"Ishaq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0395","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036959","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5036959","article-title":"The composition of gut microbiota in patients bearing hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with euthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib62","first-page":"8686","article-title":"Chemically or surgically induced thyroid dysfunction altered gut microbiota in rat models","volume":"34","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB (Fed Am Soc Exp Biol) J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0640-6","article-title":"Gut microbe analysis between hyperthyroid and healthy individuals","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200475","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with primary hypothyroidism with interaction on gut-thyroid axis","volume":"134","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1044","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00234.2020","article-title":"Oral and intestinal microbial features in pregnant women with hypothyroidism and their correlations with pregnancy outcomes","volume":"319","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","article-title":"Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes","volume":"570","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0314","article-title":"Individually-tailored thyroxine requirement in the same patients before and after thyroidectomy: a longitudinal study","volume":"173","author":"Del Duca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00168","article-title":"Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine","volume":"40","author":"Virili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.053","article-title":"With a little help from my friends\" - the role of microbiota in thyroid hormone metabolism and enterohepatic recycling","volume":"458","author":"Virili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(63)90042-X","article-title":"The fixation of thyroid hormones by Escherichia coli and its mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Salvatore","year":"1963","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0606","article-title":"Association between hypothyroidism and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"92","author":"Lauritano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00495","article-title":"Relation of gut microbes and L-thyroxine through altered thyroxine metabolism in subclinical hypothyroidism subjects","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i5.842","article-title":"Levothyroxine therapy and impaired clearance are the strongest contributors to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: results of a retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Brechmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7030068","article-title":"Microbial population changes and their relationship with human health and disease","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Mercado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00316","article-title":"Probiotics ingestion does not directly affect thyroid hormonal parameters in hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine treatment","volume":"8","author":"Spaggiari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102234","article-title":"The effects of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function and inflammation in hypothyroid patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Talebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compl Ther Med"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X21000233?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X21000233?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:57:05Z","timestamp":1761497825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X21000233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X21000233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101506","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101506"}}