{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:14:34Z","timestamp":1764868474018,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1756451038000},"page":"102027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: Do we need to use metformin?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denice S.","family":"Feig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib1","series-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas [Internet]. 10th Edition","article-title":"Committee IDA 10th edition scientific. Global picture","author":"Magliano","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2717","article-title":"Trends in incidence of diabetes in pregnancy and serious perinatal outcomes: a large, population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996-2010","volume":"37","author":"Feig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06534-8","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy across Canada","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000221","article-title":"Trends in diabetes in pregnancy in Sweden 1998-2012","volume":"4","author":"Fadl","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009494","article-title":"A cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012","volume":"6","author":"Coton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib6","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Diabetes and pregnancy: national trends over a 15 year period","volume":"61","author":"Mackin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.10.007","article-title":"Trends and racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Northern california: 1996\u20132014","volume":"216","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2023.07.007","article-title":"Temporal trends in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes in pregnancy: impact of rural residence, ethnicity, and material deprivation","volume":"47","author":"Ngwezi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.11.026","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"232","author":"Clement","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10846","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710846","article-title":"A systematic review to compare adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes and gestational diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Malaza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-24-0066","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in type 2 versus type 1 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"13","author":"Drabl\u00f8s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1071","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in young women with youth-onset type 2 diabetes followed in the TODAY study","volume":"45","author":"Today Study Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"ement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib13","first-page":"S306","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5320156","article-title":"Determinants of maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy: an updated overview","volume":"2019","author":"Kampmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4318-z","article-title":"Metformin: historical overview","volume":"60","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.051","article-title":"Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Vanky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000184161.52573.0e","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of metformin in late pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Charles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"year":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib18"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071954","article-title":"Metformin in pregnancy: mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"Hyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0146-4","article-title":"Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss","volume":"1","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115759","article-title":"Interaction between metformin, folate and vitamin B12 and the potential impact on fetal growth and Long-Term metabolic health in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"22","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01221950","article-title":"Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics","volume":"16","author":"Coetzee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.031245","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of metformin during pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Eyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu022","article-title":"First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Cassina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-002919","article-title":"Major malformations risk following early pregnancy exposure to metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Abolhassani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707193","article-title":"MiG trial investigators. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Rowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000515893","article-title":"Comparison of insulin, metformin, and glyburide on perinatal complications of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2295809","article-title":"A meta-analysis of metformin and insulin on maternal outcome and neonatal outcome in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03202-2","article-title":"Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Glueck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8207","article-title":"Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E448","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0853","article-title":"Metformin versus placebo from first trimester to delivery in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, controlled multicenter study","volume":"95","author":"Vanky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30002-6","article-title":"Use of metformin to treat pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PregMet2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Lovvik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15044","article-title":"Gestational metformin administration in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control studies","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509819","article-title":"Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus","volume":"374","author":"Syngelaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00219-3","article-title":"Effect of metformin on maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women (EMPOWaR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Chiswick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30310-3","article-title":"Effect of metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women who are overweight or obese: the GRoW randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Dodd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326994","article-title":"Metformin compared with insulin in the treatment of pregnant women with overt diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Hickman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib38","first-page":"163","article-title":"A pilot randomized, controlled trial of metformin versus insulin in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Refuerzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/325851","article-title":"Metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: an active controlled, parallel-group, randomized, open label study in patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Ainuddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30310-7","article-title":"Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multicentre, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Feig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0013","article-title":"Determinants of small for gestational age in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: who should receive metformin?","volume":"45","author":"Feig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.22949","article-title":"Metformin plus insulin for preexisting diabetes or gestational diabetes in early pregnancy: the MOMPOD randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Boggess","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1235","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin response","volume":"36","author":"Kodama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2056","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes associated with metformin use during pregnancy in women with pregestational type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Yland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000456","article-title":"Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of age","volume":"6","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30385-7","article-title":"Intrauterine metformin exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk factors (PedMet study): a 5-10 year follow-up of the PregMet randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Hanem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2012.712319","article-title":"Growth, body composition and metabolic profile of 8-year-old children exposed to metformin in utero","volume":"72","author":"R\u00f8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848","article-title":"Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088653","article-title":"Intrauterine metformin exposure and adiposity outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000464302","article-title":"Long-Term adverse effects of early growth acceleration or Catch-Up growth","volume":"70","author":"Singhal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00004-9","article-title":"Outcomes in children of women with type 2 diabetes exposed to metformin versus placebo during pregnancy (MiTy Kids): a 24-month follow-up of the MiTy randomised controlled trial","author":"Feig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.02.316","article-title":"Metformin in pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"231","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000600?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000600?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:09:37Z","timestamp":1764868177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X25000600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X25000600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1521-690X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: Do we need to use metformin?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102027"}}