{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1794070461007,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T05:20:52Z","timestamp":1758950452000},"page":"102040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Special considerations of hyponatremia in the elderly patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Refardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7_1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia","volume":"119","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06623.x","article-title":"Hyponatremia in a nursing home population","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2022.11.002","article-title":"Age-Associated abnormalities of water homeostasis","volume":"52","author":"Cowen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib4","first-page":"0","article-title":"Etiology and epidemiology of hyponatremia","volume":"52","author":"Burst","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz320","article-title":"Seasonality of hypoosmolar hyponatremia in medical inpatients - data from a nationwide cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Kutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000519","article-title":"The association of outdoor temperature with severe hyponatremia","volume":"36","author":"Issa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080451","article-title":"Moderate hyponatremia is associated with increased risk of mortality: evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Corona","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000100866","article-title":"Hyponatremia in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Nair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.01.027","article-title":"Mortality after hospitalization with mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia","volume":"122","author":"Waikar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193857","article-title":"Short- and long-term prognostic value of hyponatremia in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.011","article-title":"Hyponatremia in the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cereb Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.026","article-title":"Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits","volume":"119","author":"Renneboog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4228","article-title":"Association between hyponatremia, osteoporosis, and fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Upala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13022","article-title":"Impact of chronic hyponatremia on neurocognitive and neuromuscular function","volume":"48","author":"Refardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.033","article-title":"Correction of hyponatraemia improves cognition, quality of life, and brain oedema in cirrhosis","volume":"62","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.4","article-title":"Current treatment practice and outcomes. Report of the hyponatremia registry","volume":"88","author":"Greenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019090944","article-title":"A randomized trial of empagliflozin to increase plasma sodium levels in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"31","author":"Refardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022050623","article-title":"Treatment effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: results of a randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, crossover trial","volume":"34","author":"Refardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad108","article-title":"Effect of protein supplementation on plasma sodium levels in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: a monocentric, open-label, proof-of-concept study-the TREASURE study","volume":"189","author":"Monnerat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0744-x","article-title":"The prevalence and mortality of hyponatremia is seriously underestimated in Chinese general medical patients: an observational retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.06.037","article-title":"Electrolyte disorders in community subjects: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"126","author":"Liamis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.021","article-title":"Prevalence of hyponatremia and association with mortality: results from NHANES","volume":"126","author":"Mohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.08.001","article-title":"Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia","volume":"337","author":"Hawkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802081675","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical and economic outcomes of admission hyponatremia among hospitalized patients","volume":"24","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi082","article-title":"Development of severe hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients: treatment-related risk factors and inadequate management","volume":"21","author":"Hoorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13388","article-title":"Mortality rates are lower in SIAD, than in hypervolaemic or hypovolaemic hyponatraemia: results of a prospective observational study","volume":"87","author":"Cuesta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.01.013","article-title":"Utility and limitations of the traditional diagnostic approach to hyponatremia: a diagnostic study","volume":"123","author":"Fenske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13128","article-title":"The contribution of undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency to euvolaemic hyponatraemia: results of a large prospective single-centre study","volume":"85","author":"Cuesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01507","article-title":"Influence of outdoor temperature and relative humidity on incidence and etiology of hyponatremia","volume":"104","author":"Sailer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2388","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac103","article-title":"Current and future burdens of Heat-Related hyponatremia: a nationwide Register-Based study","volume":"107","author":"Mannheimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15052","article-title":"Dysnatremia in a changing climate: a global systematic review of the association between serum sodium and ambient temperature","volume":"100","author":"Wootton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090537","article-title":"Exercise-Associated hyponatremia in endurance and Ultra-Endurance Performance\u2013Aspects of sex, race location, ambient temperature, sports discipline, and length of performance: a narrative review","volume":"55","author":"Knechtle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409203111202","article-title":"Reduced thirst after water deprivation in healthy elderly men","volume":"311","author":"Phillips","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-3-661","article-title":"Age-related failure of volume-pressure-mediated vasopressin release","volume":"54","author":"Rowe","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib35","first-page":"2340","article-title":"Development and clinical application of a new method for the radioimmunoassay of arginine vasopressin in human plasma","volume":"52","author":"Robertson","year":"1973"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/33.1.39","article-title":"The response of arginine vasopressin to intravenous ethanol and hypertonic saline in man: the impact of aging","volume":"33","author":"Helderman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.2.151","article-title":"Age-associated alterations in thirst and arginine vasopressin in response to a water or sodium load","volume":"24","author":"Davies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V541106","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to thiazide-induced hyponatremia in the elderly","volume":"5","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02915.x","article-title":"Aging and disturbances of thirst and fluid balance","volume":"48","author":"Rolls","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia","volume":"170","author":"Spasovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080895","article-title":"A Copeptin-Based classification of the osmoregulatory defects in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"25","author":"Fenske","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib42","first-page":"S36","article-title":"Regulation of arginine vasopressin in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"119","author":"Robertson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1426","article-title":"Copeptin in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia","volume":"94","author":"Fenske","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigro N., Winzeler B., Suter-Widmer I., , et al. Evaluation of copeptin and commonly used laboratory parameters for the differential diagnosis of profound hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients: \u2018The Co-MED Study'. 2016.","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13243"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenske W., St\u00f6rk S., Koschker A.-C., Value of Fractional Uric Acid Excretion in Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatremic Patients on Diuretics. 2008;93(8):2991-2997.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0330"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib46","first-page":"905","article-title":"Clinical assessment of extracellular fluid volume in hyponatremia","volume":"83","author":"Chung","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S138535","article-title":"Hyponatremia in the elderly: challenges and solutions","volume":"12","author":"Filippatos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15024","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound is a useful adjunct tool to a clinician's assessment in the evaluation of severe hyponatraemia","volume":"100","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab064","article-title":"Hyponatraemia in older people is usually multifactorial and commonly iatrogenic","volume":"50","author":"Soiza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib50","first-page":"0","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of water homeostasis","volume":"52","author":"Rondon-Berrios","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.02.009","article-title":"The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)","volume":"30","author":"Cuesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp066837","article-title":"The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"356","author":"Ellison","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.797039","article-title":"The role of vasopressin V2 receptor in Drug-Induced hyponatremia","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa195","article-title":"Awareness of the use of hyponatraemia-inducing medications in older adults with hyponatraemia: a study of their prevalent use and association with recurrent symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia","volume":"50","author":"Jun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib55","first-page":"0","article-title":"Euvolemic hyponatremia secondary to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"52","author":"Verbalis","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib56","series-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of water homeostasis","first-page":"8","author":"Rondon-Berrios","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12499","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of thiazide-induced hyponatraemia: time to reconsider electrolyte monitoring regimens after thiazide initiation?","volume":"79","author":"Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.07.011","article-title":"Thiazide-Associated hyponatremia: clinical manifestations and pathophysiology","volume":"75","author":"Filippone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.04.007","article-title":"Risk of electrolyte disorders, syncope and falls in patients taking thiazide diuretics: results of a cross-sectional study","author":"Ravioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03086-6","article-title":"Association between newly initiated thiazide diuretics and hospitalization due to hyponatremia","author":"Mannheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.031","article-title":"Risk of Thiazide-induced hyponatremia in patients with hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1159\/000471493","article-title":"Thiazide-Associated hyponatremia, report of the hyponatremia registry: an observational multicenter international study","volume":"45","author":"Burst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-1-24","article-title":"Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Reproducibility by single dose rechallenge and an analysis of pathogenesis","volume":"110","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89812","article-title":"Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"127","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70094-0","article-title":"Physiology of beer or non-beer potomania","volume":"32","author":"Steiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000493241","article-title":"Hypervolemic hyponatremia (Liver)","volume":"52","author":"Sol\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404489","article-title":"Disorders of plasma sodium--causes, consequences, and correction","volume":"372","author":"Sterns","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108473","article-title":"Central nervous system ph in uremia and the effects of hemodialysis","volume":"58","author":"Arieff","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.12.056","article-title":"Impairment of neurocognitive functioning, motor performance, and mood stability in hospitalized patients with euvolemic moderate and profound hyponatremia","volume":"133","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000447022.51722.f4","article-title":"Sodium homeostasis and bone","volume":"23","author":"Hannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017045","article-title":"Associations between hyponatraemia, volume depletion and the risk of falls in US hospitalised patients: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Fehlberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13790","article-title":"Hyponatremia, falls and bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Corona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06120809","article-title":"Hyponatremia independent of osteoporosis is associated with fracture occurrence","volume":"5","author":"Kinsella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1027","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad238","article-title":"An increase in plasma sodium levels is associated with an increase in osteoblast function in chronic SIAD","volume":"108","author":"Monnerat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1282-0","article-title":"Prevalence of mild hyponatremia and its association with falls in older adults admitted to an emergency geriatric Medicine unit (the MUPA unit)","volume":"19","author":"Boyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib77","article-title":"Relation between hyponatraemia and falls by acute hospitalised patients: a case-control study","author":"Aranda-Gallardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105315","article-title":"Effect of mild hyponatremia on in-hospital falls of elderly hospitalized patients: a retrospective, cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Hyohdoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12468","article-title":"Mild hyponatremia is associated with impaired cognition and falls in Community-Dwelling older persons","volume":"61","author":"Gunathilake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.026","article-title":"Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits","volume":"119","author":"Renneboog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.02.008","article-title":"Attention and postural balance are much more affected in older than in younger adults with mild or moderate chronic hyponatremia","volume":"41","author":"Renneboog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.11.007","article-title":"Chronic hyponatremia and brain structure and function before and after treatment","volume":"84","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065181","article-title":"Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia","volume":"355","author":"Schrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.12.024","article-title":"Tolvaptan and neurocognitive function in mild to moderate chronic hyponatremia: a randomized trial (INSIGHT)","volume":"67","author":"Verbalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000493237","article-title":"Hyponatremia is linked to bone loss, osteoporosis, fragility and bone fractures","volume":"52","author":"Barsony","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200108","article-title":"The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"van Staa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.12.002","article-title":"The effect of chronic mild hyponatremia on bone mineral loss evaluated by retrospective national danish patient data","volume":"84","author":"Kruse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.380","article-title":"Mild hyponatremia as a risk factor for fractures: the rotterdam study","volume":"26","author":"Hoorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1261","article-title":"Hyponatremia is associated with increased osteoporosis and bone fractures in a large US health system population","volume":"100","author":"Usala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.10.004","article-title":"Allostasis and the clinical manifestations of mild to moderate chronic hyponatremia: no good adaptation goes unpunished","volume":"73","author":"Portales-Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090827","article-title":"Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Verbalis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0604","article-title":"Effect of hyponatremia normalization on osteoblast function in patients with SIAD","volume":"186","author":"Potasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib93","article-title":"Mild hyponatremia is not associated with degradation of trabecular bone microarchitecture despite bone mass loss","author":"Bioletto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01955-4","article-title":"Mild hyponatremia is associated with low skeletal muscle mass, physical function impairment, and depressive mood in the elderly","volume":"21","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib95","first-page":"271","article-title":"Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates multiple manifestations of senescence in Male rats","volume":"35","author":"Barsony","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000086019","article-title":"Consequences of inadequate management of hyponatremia","volume":"25","author":"Adrogue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0111","article-title":"Hyponatremia and mortality risk: a danish cohort study of 279 508 acutely hospitalized patients","volume":"173","author":"Holland-Bill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13325","article-title":"Symptoms and characteristics of individuals with profound hyponatremia: a prospective multicenter observational study","volume":"63","author":"Nigro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1161-9","article-title":"Improving care and outcomes of inpatients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD): a prospective intervention study of intensive endocrine input vs. Routine care","volume":"55","author":"Tzoulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.036","article-title":"Impact of hyponatremia correction on the risk for 30-Day readmission and death in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"129","author":"Donze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124105","article-title":"Hyponatremia improvement is associated with a reduced risk of mortality: evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Corona","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1319","article-title":"Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST outcome trial","volume":"297","author":"Konstam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.342","article-title":"Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in Chinese patients with hyponatremia caused by SIADH","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib104","first-page":"936","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of tolvaptan on treating heart failure patients with hyponatremia","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28468","article-title":"Tolvaptan in hospitalized cancer patients with hyponatremia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on efficacy and safety","volume":"120","author":"Salahudeen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13315","article-title":"A systematic review of known interventions for the treatment of chronic nonhypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia and a meta-analysis of the vaptans","volume":"86","author":"Bhandari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib107","article-title":"Hyponatremia intervention trial (HIT): study protocol of a randomized, controlled, Parallel-Group trial with blinded outcome assessment","volume":"8","author":"Refardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000493243","article-title":"Adverse consequences of Overly-Rapid correction of hyponatremia","volume":"52","author":"Sterns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2022.11.004","article-title":"Hyponatremia demystified: integrating physiology to shape clinical practice","volume":"30","author":"Workeneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Kidney Dis Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad028","article-title":"Overcorrection and undercorrection with fixed dosing of bolus hypertonic saline for symptomatic hyponatremia","author":"Pelouto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib111","first-page":"6","article-title":"Body composition in elderly people. I. determination of body composition by multiisotope method and the elimination kinetics of these isotopes in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"31","author":"F\u00fcl\u00f6p","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00044","article-title":"Continuous versus bolus infusion of hypertonic saline in the treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia due to SIAD","author":"Garrahy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib113","article-title":"Risk of overcorrection in rapid intermittent bolus vs slow continuous infusion therapies of hypertonic saline for patients with symptomatic hyponatremia","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2021400","article-title":"Safety of peripheral administration of 3% hypertonic saline in critically ill patients: a literature review","volume":"41","author":"Alenazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2023.04.025","article-title":"The safety of intravenous peripheral administration of 3% hypertonic saline: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"366","author":"Madieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000830","article-title":"Plasma sodium correction rates in patients with severe hyponatremia treated with hypertonic saline with and without proactive desmopressin","author":"AlShanableh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000493240","article-title":"Hypovolemic hyponatremia","volume":"52","author":"Mohottige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-1-199701010-00003","article-title":"Postoperative hyponatremia despite near-isotonic saline infusion: a phenomenon of desalination","volume":"126","author":"Steele","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.4","article-title":"Current treatment practice and outcomes. Report of the hyponatremia registry","volume":"88","author":"Greenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4360","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa619","article-title":"Fluid restriction therapy for chronic SIAD; results of a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Garrahy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf538","article-title":"Tolvaptan versus fluid restriction in moderate-profound hyponatremia: an open-label randomized clinical trial","author":"Warren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12532","article-title":"Predictors of nonresponse to fluid restriction in hyponatraemia due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"280","author":"Winzeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.11.012","article-title":"Efficacy of furosemide, oral sodium chloride, and fluid restriction for treatment of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD): an Open-label randomized controlled study (The EFFUSE-FLUID Trial)","author":"Krisanapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40736-0","article-title":"The Urine\/Plasma electrolyte ratio: a predictive guide to water restriction","volume":"319","author":"Furst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.09.024","article-title":"Mild water restriction with or without urea for the longterm treatment of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH): can urine osmolality help the choice?","volume":"48","author":"Decaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib126","first-page":"113","article-title":"Hypervolemic hyponatremia in heart failure","author":"Davila","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Karger AG"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065181","article-title":"Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-Receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia","volume":"355","author":"Schrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1078","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral tolvaptan therapy in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion","volume":"164","author":"Verbalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205511","article-title":"Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"367","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib130","article-title":"Risks of vaptans in hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12943","article-title":"Real-life experience of tolvaptan use in the treatment of severe hyponatraemia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion","volume":"84","author":"Tzoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib132","first-page":"530","article-title":"The utility and accuracy of four equations in predicting sodium levels in dysnatremic patients","volume":"9","author":"Hanna","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231173327","article-title":"Tolvaptan for the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)","volume":"14","author":"Tzoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6030028","article-title":"Long-Term vaptan treatment of idiopathic SIADH in an octogenarian","volume":"6","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000503773","article-title":"Urea for chronic hyponatremia","volume":"49","author":"Rondon-Berrios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06990711","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of urea compared with vaptans for Long-Term treatment of patients with SIADH","volume":"7","author":"Soupart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40313","article-title":"Use of urea for the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Wendt","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib138","article-title":"Urea to treat hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis","author":"Chander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.12063053","article-title":"Correction of hyponatremia by urea in a patient with heart failure","volume":"60","author":"Berghmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(87)90040-4","article-title":"Urea treatment for water retention in hyponatremic congestive heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Cauchie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endien.2021.01.008","article-title":"Hyponatremia treatment with oral urea in heart failure. Endocrinolog\u00eda","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes y Nutrici\u00f3n (English ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib142","first-page":"125","article-title":"Urea for hyponatraemia due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion","volume":"78","author":"Woudstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13966","article-title":"Urea in cancer patients with chronic SIAD-induced hyponatremia: old drug, new evidence","volume":"90","author":"Nervo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.273","article-title":"Urea minimizes brain complications following rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia compared with vasopressin antagonist or hypertonic saline","volume":"87","author":"Gankam Kengne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90028-5","article-title":"Effect of protein intake and urea on sodium excretion during inappropriate antidiuresis in rats","volume":"37","author":"Verbalis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00271","article-title":"Empagliflozin contributes to polyuria via regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in diabetic rat kidneys","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13126","article-title":"Why do SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure hospitalization? A differential volume regulation hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Hallow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048739","article-title":"Renal and cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibition in combination with loop diuretics in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure","volume":"142","author":"Mordi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2115011","article-title":"Gliflozins in the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"386","author":"Braunwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","article-title":"Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib151","unstructured":"Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019090944","article-title":"A randomized trial of empagliflozin to increase plasma sodium levels in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"31","author":"Refardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040_bib154","article-title":"Treatment effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: results of a randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, crossover trial","author":"Refardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000739?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000739?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:22:40Z","timestamp":1787152960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X25000739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X25000739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Special considerations of hyponatremia in the elderly patient","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102040"}}