{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T10:26:40Z","timestamp":1793701600136,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007132","name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T07:40:29Z","timestamp":1759995629000},"page":"102053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnostic algorithm of hyponatremia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathis","family":"Grossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabelle M.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.021","article-title":"Prevalence of hyponatremia and association with mortality: results from NHANES","volume":"126","author":"Mohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"7 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia","volume":"119","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2024.339","article-title":"Prevalence of hyponatremia among medically hospitalized patients and associated outcomes: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Al Yaqoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia","volume":"170","author":"Spasovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci081","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to a patient with hyponatraemia: traditional versus physiology-based options","volume":"98","author":"Hoorn","year":"2005","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.06.036","article-title":"Hourly variation in urine (Na+K) in chronic hyponatremia related to SIADH: clinical implication","volume":"80","author":"Decaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.12.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia","volume":"30","author":"Ball","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-690X(03)00049-6","article-title":"Disorders of body water homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Verbalis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps031078","article-title":"Clinical problem-solving: mind the gap","volume":"349","author":"Turchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib10","article-title":"Acute severe hyponatremia following hysteroscopic procedure in a young patient: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2021","author":"Atieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Nephrol Dial"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00055-8","article-title":"Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia","volume":"106","author":"Hillier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf058","article-title":"Urea-stimulated copeptin: a novel diagnostic approach in polyuria polydipsia syndrome","volume":"192","author":"Lustenberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p46","DOI":"10.1159\/000119709","article-title":"Hyponatremia revisited: translating physiology to practice","volume":"108","author":"Hoorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1426","article-title":"Copeptin in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia","volume":"94","author":"Fenske","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01138-4","article-title":"Hyponatraemia in ageing","volume":"21","author":"Monnerat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101469","article-title":"Primary polydipsia: update","volume":"34","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04020318","article-title":"Urea for the treatment of hyponatremia","volume":"13","author":"Rondon-Berrios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330230085018","article-title":"Hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipsia","volume":"140","author":"Hariprasad","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib19","article-title":"\"Beer potomania\" - a syndrome of severe hyponatremia with unique pathophysiology: case studies and literature review","volume":"9","author":"Lodhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2005.09.008","article-title":"The role of aldosterone in renal sodium transport","volume":"26","author":"Rozansky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"issue":"10 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90649-8","article-title":"Clinical assessment of extracellular fluid volume in hyponatremia","volume":"83","author":"Chung","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0330","article-title":"Value of fractional uric acid excretion in differential diagnosis of hyponatremic patients on diuretics","volume":"93","author":"Fenske","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21412","article-title":"Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: results of a patient population survey","volume":"44","author":"Angeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib25","article-title":"Hyponatremia prevalence in decompensated chronic liver disease: insights from a tertiary care hospital","volume":"16","author":"Azam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl542","article-title":"Relationship between admission serum sodium concentration and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: an analysis from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry","volume":"28","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.01.013","article-title":"Utility and limitations of the traditional diagnostic approach to hyponatremia: a diagnostic study","volume":"123","author":"Fenske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13128","article-title":"The contribution of undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency to euvolaemic hyponatraemia: results of a large prospective single-centre study","volume":"85","author":"Cuesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.11176","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia: a review","volume":"328","author":"Adrogu\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2210411","article-title":"The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"389","author":"Adrogu\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.11.005","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion","volume":"129","author":"Verbalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad010","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: from pathophysiology to management","volume":"44","author":"Warren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.10.020","article-title":"The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: distribution and characterization according to etiologies","volume":"26","author":"Shepshelovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"101","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10274","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00136-7","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"397","author":"Husebye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345553","article-title":"Beyond semantics: defining hyponatremia in secondary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"29","author":"Faustini-Fustini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasi E., Beck J., Christ-Crain M. Hyponatremia in severe hypothyroidism (\"the HYPO2 study\"). Joint Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) and the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) 2025: Connecting Endocrinology Across the Life Course; Denmark: Endocrine Abstracts; 2025. p. 929.","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.110.P929"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-015-0180-5","article-title":"Cerebral salt wasting after traumatic brain injury: a review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9047","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08093-2","article-title":"Secretion of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"349","author":"Berendes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3032","article-title":"Hyponatremia following mild\/moderate subarrachnoid hemorrhage is due to SIAD and glucocorticoid deficiency and not cerebral salt wasting","volume":"99","author":"Hannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89812","article-title":"Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"127","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad133","article-title":"Chloride and potassium assessment is a helpful tool for differential diagnosis of thiazide-associated hyponatremia","volume":"108","author":"Potasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15024","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound is a useful adjunct tool to a clinician's assessment in the evaluation of severe hyponatraemia","volume":"100","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13243","article-title":"Evaluation of copeptin and commonly used laboratory parameters for the differential diagnosis of profound hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients: 'the Co-MED study'","volume":"86","author":"Nigro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080895","article-title":"A copeptin-based classification of the osmoregulatory defects in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"25","author":"Fenske","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006090987","article-title":"Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis in adults: high phenotypic variability in men and women from a large pedigree","volume":"18","author":"Decaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000493243","article-title":"Adverse consequences of overly-rapid correction of hyponatremia","volume":"52","author":"Sterns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0577","article-title":"Active management of severe hyponatraemia is associated with improved mortality","volume":"184","author":"Garrahy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000867?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X25000867?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1787152975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X25000867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X25000867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic algorithm of hyponatremia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2025.102053","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102053"}}