{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:27:42Z","timestamp":1785338862812,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T06:37:37Z","timestamp":1778481457000},"page":"102110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thyroid hormones as permissive regulators of skeletal muscle protein accretion and oxidative capacity: Implications for resistance and endurance training"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Brenmoehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Walz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hoeflich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1097","article-title":"Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action","volume":"81","author":"Yen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29812","article-title":"Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action","volume":"116","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.238","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle\u2014new insights and potential implications","volume":"10","author":"Salvatore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4252-8_2","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action by genomic and nongenomic molecular mechanisms","volume":"2876","author":"Aranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1669","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00409.2002","article-title":"PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha expression during thyroid hormone- and contractile activity-induced mitochondrial adaptations","volume":"284","author":"Irrcher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137175","article-title":"Selective inhibition of genomic and non-genomic effects of thyroid hormone regulates muscle cell differentiation and metabolic behavior","volume":"22","author":"Nappi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43670","article-title":"The FoxO3\/type 2 deiodinase pathway is required for normal mouse myogenesis and muscle regeneration","volume":"120","author":"Dentice","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.009","article-title":"Intracellular inactivation of thyroid hormone is a survival mechanism for muscle stem cell proliferation and lineage progression","volume":"20","author":"Dentice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.014","article-title":"Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"459","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.2.621","article-title":"Interaction of thyroid hormone and functional overload on skeletal muscle isomyosin expression","volume":"77","author":"Swoap","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.16.2499","article-title":"A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type","volume":"12","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2010","article-title":"Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles","volume":"91","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15480","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001258RR","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 in skeletal muscle is essential for T3-mediated increase in energy expenditure","volume":"34","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201406068","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulates muscle fiber type conversion via miR-133a1","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(83)90107-1","article-title":"Dose response of protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle to triiodothyronine treatment","volume":"757","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gen Subj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib17","first-page":"90","article-title":"Protein turnover in different types of skeletal muscle during experimental hyperthyroidism in rats","volume":"109","author":"Anger\u00e5s","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib18","first-page":"E231","article-title":"Effects of thyroxine on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"235","author":"Flaim","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib19","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in skeletal muscle protein turnover","volume":"15","author":"Nappi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1940771","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and muscle protein turnover. The effect of thyroid-hormone deficiency and replacement in thryoidectomized and hypophysectomized rats","volume":"194","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0256","article-title":"Thyroid hormone as a determinant of metabolic and contractile phenotype of skeletal muscle","volume":"18","author":"Simonides","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22329","article-title":"Experimental hyperthyroidism in rats increases the expression of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and stimulates multiple proteolytic pathways in skeletal muscle","volume":"108","author":"O'Neal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0631","article-title":"Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase levels are higher in slow-twitch than fast-twitch mouse skeletal muscle and are increased in hypothyroidism","volume":"151","author":"Marsili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0701299","article-title":"Thyroid-state influence on protein-expression profile of rat skeletal muscle","volume":"6","author":"Silvestri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.207702","article-title":"Vivo Regulation of Human Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone","volume":"12","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.750","article-title":"Neuromuscular findings in thyroid dysfunction: a prospective clinical and electrodiagnostic study","volume":"68","author":"Duyff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)62965-0","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0356","article-title":"Clinical review: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"91","author":"Kung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091970","article-title":"Mechanisms of IGF-1-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1009","article-title":"Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K\/Akt\/mTOR and PI(3)K\/Akt\/GSK3 pathways","volume":"3","author":"Rommel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/84839","article-title":"Localized Igf-1 transgene expression sustains hypertrophy and regeneration in senescent skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"Musar\u00f2","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E80","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00284.2001","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep","volume":"282","author":"Forhead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib33","first-page":"423","article-title":"Thyroxine effects on serum insulin-like growth factor I levels, anthropometric measures, and body composition in patients after thyroidectomy","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Clin & Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb00842.x","article-title":"Effect of thyroxine replacement therapy on plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and growth hormone responses to growth hormone releasing factor in hypothyroid patients","volume":"27","author":"Valcavi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.2.7678799","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the insulin-like growth factor system: all thyroid hormone effects are not growth hormone mediated","volume":"132","author":"N\u00e4nt\u00f6-Salonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2022","article-title":"Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions","volume":"103","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00119","article-title":"Reduced skeletal muscle protein turnover and thyroid hormone metabolism in adaptive thermogenesis that facilitates body fat recovery during weight regain","volume":"10","author":"Calonne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225754","article-title":"Thyroid hormone protects from fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by promoting metabolic adaptation","volume":"20","author":"Ucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1421","article-title":"Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function","volume":"71","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2140637","article-title":"The effect of tri-iodothyronine administration on protein synthesis in the diabetic rat","volume":"214","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib42","first-page":"397","article-title":"The role of insulin and thyroid hormones in the regulation of muscle growth and protein turnover in response to dietary protein in the rat","volume":"59","author":"Jepson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0174","article-title":"The effect of acute exercise session on thyroid hormone economy in rats","volume":"198","author":"Fortunato","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02332.x","article-title":"The effect of endurance training on serum triiodothyronine kinetics in man: physical conditioning marked by enhanced thyroid hormone metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Rone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib45","first-page":"830","article-title":"Exercise intensity and its effects on thyroid hormones","volume":"26","author":"Ciloglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33738","article-title":"Training intensity influences leptin and thyroid hormones in highly trained rowers","volume":"23","author":"Simsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1984.tb03804.x","article-title":"The effect of acute and chronic exercise on thyroid hormones in obesity","volume":"216","author":"Krotkiewski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-024-01228-2","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on thyroid response in pre- and postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Hanke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib49","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effects of endurance workouts on thyroid hormone metabolism and biochemical markers in athletes","volume":"11","author":"Erdo\u011fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.512365","article-title":"Impact of a 4-week intensified endurance training intervention on markers of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) and performance among well-trained male cyclists","volume":"11","author":"Stenqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae011","article-title":"Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs): endocrine manifestations, pathophysiology and treatments","volume":"45","author":"Angelidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.07.005","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic repercussions of relative energy deficiency in sport","volume":"9","author":"McCall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib53","first-page":"R924","article-title":"Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women","volume":"264","author":"Loucks","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib54","first-page":"R817","article-title":"Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability","volume":"266","author":"Loucks","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272440","article-title":"Thyroid hormone activation by type 2 deiodinase mediates exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivator-1\u03b1 expression in skeletal muscle","volume":"594","author":"Bocco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0126","article-title":"The change in thyroid hormone signaling by altered training intensity in male rat skeletal muscle","volume":"63","author":"Lesmana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606116200","article-title":"Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis begins before the increase in muscle PGC-1alpha expression","volume":"282","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1254","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00348.2010","article-title":"Muscle protein synthesis and gene expression during recovery from aerobic exercise in the fasted and fed states","volume":"299","author":"Harber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.8.1888","article-title":"Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity","volume":"52","author":"Short","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002501","article-title":"Overexpression of the mitochondrial T3 receptor p43 induces a shift in skeletal muscle fiber types","volume":"3","author":"Casas","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-195933","article-title":"Depletion of the p43 mitochondrial T3 receptor in mice affects skeletal muscle development and activity","volume":"26","author":"Pessemesse","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-186437","article-title":"Long-term synthesis rates of skeletal muscle DNA and protein are higher during aerobic training in older humans than in sedentary young subjects but are not altered by protein supplementation","volume":"25","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103196","article-title":"Effect of long-term exercise-based interventions on thyroid function in hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"92","author":"Sundus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib64","article-title":"Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on thyroid function and quality of life in hypothyroidism. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E72","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00050.2015","article-title":"Ribosome biogenesis adaptation in resistance training-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"309","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002929","article-title":"An evidence-based narrative review of mechanisms of resistance exercise-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.725866","article-title":"Skeletal muscle ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to different exercise training modalities","volume":"12","author":"Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18887-6","article-title":"Enhanced skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis, yet attenuated mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling, following short-term concurrent versus single-mode resistance training","volume":"8","author":"Fyfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib69","first-page":"E514","article-title":"Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans","volume":"268","author":"Biolo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1383","article-title":"Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise","volume":"73","author":"Chesley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01167.x","article-title":"Skeletal muscle and whole body protein turnover in thyroid disease","volume":"18","author":"Morrison","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1940685","article-title":"Effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on skeletal-muscle proteolysis","volume":"194","author":"Carter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90032-3","article-title":"Effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on protein turnover in skeletal and cardiac muscle","volume":"29","author":"Carter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.04.019","article-title":"Resistance training increases myofibrillar protein synthesis in middle-to-older aged adults consuming a typical diet with no influence of protein source: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Korzepa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib75","first-page":"E422","article-title":"Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old human subjects after three months of resistance training","volume":"268","author":"Welle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0139","article-title":"Making sense of muscle protein synthesis: a focus on muscle growth during resistance training","volume":"32","author":"Witard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511007422","article-title":"Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.009","article-title":"Chronic resistance training activates autophagy and reduces apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, Akt\/mTOR and Akt\/FOXO3a signaling in aged rats","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00446-y","article-title":"Crucial role of androgen receptor in resistance and endurance trainings-induced muscle hypertrophy through IGF-1\/IGF-1R- PI3K\/Akt- mTOR pathway","volume":"17","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X26000321?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X26000321?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:31:09Z","timestamp":1782804669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X26000321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X26000321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thyroid hormones as permissive regulators of skeletal muscle protein accretion and oxidative capacity: Implications for resistance and endurance training","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102110","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102110"}}