{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:04:15Z","timestamp":1784322255774,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005918","name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1778760441000},"page":"102118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type 5 diabetes: A disorder associated with undernutrition: The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and differential diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Shajith","family":"Anoop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"K. Jebasingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermelinda C.","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Kunyiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dicky Levenus","family":"Tahapary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihal","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report of a WHO expert committee","volume":"310","author":"Diabetes mellitus","year":"1965","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0025-1","article-title":"Accurate diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and new paradigms of classification","volume":"14","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report of a WHO Study Group","volume":"727","author":"Diabetes mellitus","year":"1985","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)92530-7","article-title":"Diabetes in Jamaica","volume":"269","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"1955","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib5","first-page":"603","article-title":"J type diabetes revisited","volume":"84","author":"Morrison","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report of a WHO Study Group","volume":"727","author":"Diabetes mellitus","year":"1985","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90136-F","article-title":"Immunogenetic and nutritional profile in insulin-using youth-onset diabetics in Korea","volume":"16","author":"Huh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188241252314","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of nonautoimmune diabetes in adult Ugandans with low body mass index","volume":"15","author":"Kibirige","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1989.tb01744.x","article-title":"HLA-DR and -DQ antigens in malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians: a clue to its etiology?","volume":"34","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-019-0077-8","article-title":"Understanding the manifestation of diabetes in sub Saharan Africa to inform therapeutic approaches and preventive strategies: a narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Kibirige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus in young adult diabetic patients attending a Nigerian diabetic clinic","volume":"93","author":"Akanji","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1957","article-title":"An atypical form of diabetes among individuals with low BMI","volume":"45","author":"Lontchi-Yimagou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00263-3","article-title":"Classifying a distinct form of diabetes in lean individuals with a history of undernutrition: an international consensus statement","volume":"13","author":"Wadivkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib15","unstructured":"IDF launches new type 5 diabetes working group. International Diabetes Federation n.d. \u3008https:\/\/idf.org\/news\/new-type-5-diabetes-working-group\/\u3009 (accessed January 26, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5281.837","article-title":"Diabetes in East Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib17","unstructured":"Tripathy B.B., Samal K.C. Protein Deficient Diabetes Mellitus (PDDM) in India n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90136-F","article-title":"Immunogenetic and nutritional profile in insulin-using youth-onset diabetics in Korea","volume":"16","author":"Huh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.143","article-title":"Insulin-requiring diabetes in Ethiopia: associations with poverty, early undernutrition and anthropometric disproportion","volume":"64","author":"Fekadu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.020401","article-title":"Atypical forms of diabetes mellitus in Africans and other non-European ethnic populations in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"Bavuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13610","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of malnutrition in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06500-9","article-title":"Non-autoimmune diabetes in young people from Assam, India: the PHENOEINDY-2 study","volume":"68","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401422","article-title":"Persistent reduction of pancreatic beta-cell mass after a limited period of protein-energy malnutrition in the young rat","volume":"35","author":"Swenne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199312000-00019","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: fetal macrosomia, hyperinsulinism, and islet hyperplasia in the offspring of rats subjected to temporary protein-energy malnutrition early in life","volume":"34","author":"Eriksson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pedia Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000729","article-title":"Maternal malnutrition programs the endocrine pancreas in progeny","volume":"94","author":"Reusens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.63","article-title":"Decreased insulin secretion in islets from rats fed a low protein diet is associated with a reduced PKAalpha expression","volume":"134","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.3.403","article-title":"Glucose-induced insulin secretion is impaired and insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 are increased in protein-deficient rats","volume":"127","author":"Reis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0811-0","article-title":"Different mechanisms operating during different critical time-windows reduce rat fetal beta cell mass due to a maternal low-protein or low-energy diet","volume":"50","author":"Dumortier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib29","first-page":"266","article-title":"Pancreatic islets of malnourished rats: quantitative histologic and electron microscopic findings","volume":"101","author":"Weinkove","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.16.2.96","article-title":"Glucose tolerance and related factors in dogs fed diets of suboptimal protein value","volume":"16","author":"Heard","year":"1967","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348275","article-title":"Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in experimental protein malnutrition","volume":"3","author":"Khardori","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3511","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in adult survivors of severe acute malnutrition","volume":"99","author":"Francis-Emmanuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.01.019","article-title":"Kwashiorkor and marasmus are both associated with impaired glucose clearance related to pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"61","author":"Spoelstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib34","first-page":"423","article-title":"Mechanisms behind decreased endogenous glucose production in malnourished children","volume":"68","author":"Bandsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pedia Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00120320","article-title":"Undernutrition and suboptimal growth during the first year are associated with glycemia but not with insulin resistance in adulthood","volume":"37","author":"Pereyra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of postnatal severe acute malnutrition with pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in children and adults: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Ferdous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.032","article-title":"Associations of prior wasting malnutrition with later indicators of glucose tolerance across 4 countries in Africa and Asia: The Severe Acute Malnutrition - the Role of the Pancreas (SAMPA) study","volume":"122","author":"Modoc","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa438","article-title":"Prior undernutrition and insulin production several years later in Tanzanian adults","volume":"113","author":"Filteau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib39","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Patients with malnutrition related diabetes mellitus are as insulin sensitive as insulin dependent diabetics","volume":"47","author":"Garg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2009.0030","article-title":"Insulin clamp-derived measurements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in lean and obese asian type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"8","author":"Suraamornkul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1989.tb01744.x","article-title":"HLA-DR and -DQ antigens in malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians: a clue to its etiology?","volume":"34","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05937-0","article-title":"Low birthweight is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes over two decades independent of adult BMI and genetic predisposition","volume":"66","author":"Wibaek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000334","article-title":"Epigenetics and cardiovascular risk in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Martino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399095","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000273066","article-title":"Developmental origins of adult disease","volume":"19","author":"Langley-Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Princ Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00188.x","article-title":"Developmental origins of adult health and disease: the role of periconceptional and foetal nutrition","volume":"102","author":"McMillen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharm Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0793-y","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in the offspring: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study","volume":"51","author":"Yajnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib50","first-page":"0","article-title":"Undernutrition-associated diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology of a global problem","volume":"40","author":"Wadivkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol (Bethesda)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70040","article-title":"Association between maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and newborn low birth weight in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Asferie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665199000804","article-title":"The long-term consequences of intra-uterine protein malnutrition for glucose metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Ozanne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x","article-title":"Long-term consequences of stunting in early life","volume":"7","author":"Dewey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000532006","article-title":"Association of low birth weight with the risk of childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Vats","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00909-1","article-title":"The role of structural racism and geographical inequity in diabetes outcomes","volume":"402","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00914-5","article-title":"Interventions to address global inequity in diabetes: international progress","volume":"402","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0300-9","article-title":"Chinese Famine and the diabetes mellitus epidemic","volume":"16","author":"Zimmet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05901-y","article-title":"Diabetes and climate change: current evidence and implications for people with diabetes, clinicians and policy stakeholders","volume":"66","author":"Ratter-Rieck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0670","article-title":"Impact of a natural disaster on diabetes: exacerbation of disparities and long-term consequences","volume":"32","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2009.00621.x","article-title":"Familial type 1 diabetes mellitus - gender distribution and age at onset of diabetes distinguish between parent-offspring and sib-pair subgroups","volume":"11","author":"Lebenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pedia Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2174\/15733998113099990064","article-title":"Time trends and gender differences in incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"W\u00e4ndell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib62","series-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","article-title":"17q12 Recurrent Deletion Syndrome","author":"Mitchel","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-209163","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis in the setting of HNF1A-maturity onset diabetes of the young","volume":"2015","author":"Egan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0265-4","article-title":"A practical review of c-peptide testing in diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Leighton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0317","article-title":"Can biomarkers help target maturity-onset diabetes of the young genetic testing in antibody-negative diabetes?","volume":"20","author":"Majidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37766-x","article-title":"Identification of appropriate biochemical parameters and cut points to detect Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) in Asian Indians in a clinic setting","volume":"13","author":"Aarthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05970-z","article-title":"Islet autoimmunity in human type 1 diabetes: initiation and progression from the perspective of the beta cell","volume":"66","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13349","article-title":"Islet-immune interactions in type 1 diabetes: the nexus of beta cell destruction","volume":"198","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2462","article-title":"Diabetes, associated clinical spectrum, long-term prognosis, and genotype\/phenotype correlations in 201 adult patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor 1B (HNF1B) molecular defects","volume":"40","author":"Dubois-Laforgue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1097-138","article-title":"Early-onset type-II diabetes mellitus (MODY4) linked to IPF1","volume":"17","author":"Stoffers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib71","first-page":"luaf020","article-title":"Diverse Phenotypes of Mitochondrial Disease With Varying Levels of Heteroplasmy","volume":"3","author":"John","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02957.x","article-title":"Immunogenetic studies on malnutrition-modulated diabetes mellitus","volume":"958","author":"Sanjeevi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142020","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00120-2","article-title":"Non-autoimmune, insulin-deficient diabetes in children and young adults in Africa: evidence from the Young-Onset Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (YODA) cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Katte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107627","article-title":"Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Kumaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12280","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of diabetes in fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2016.12.004","article-title":"Lower plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and their relation to the presence of impaired glucoregulation and weight loss","volume":"17","author":"\u0160krha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90019-N","article-title":"The ketosis-resistance in fibro-calculous-pancreatic-diabetes. 1. Clinical observations and endocrine-metabolic measurements during oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"15","author":"Yajnik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_297_19","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes in Kashmir Valley and comparative study of the clinical profile of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Bhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i27.4342","article-title":"Comprehensive review of diagnostic modalities for early chronic pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib82","first-page":"22","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemia as a main feature associated with 17q12 deletion syndrome-related hepatocyte nuclear factor 1\u03b2-maturity-onset diabetes of the young","author":"Thewjitcharoen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib83","article-title":"CFTR mutations and phenotypic correlations in people with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective study from a single centre in south India","volume":"27","author":"Varkki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.151","article-title":"Mitochondrial disease and endocrine dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0942-y","article-title":"Best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young","volume":"51","author":"Ellard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.911526","article-title":"The clinical characteristics and gene mutations of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 in sixty-one patients","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12541","article-title":"Maturity onset diabetes of the young in India - a distinctive mutation pattern identified through targeted next-generation sequencing","volume":"82","author":"Chapla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.197","article-title":"The role of pancreatic imaging in monogenic diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Haldorsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2466","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of lipodystrophy syndromes: a multi-society practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79516-7","article-title":"A series of genetically confirmed congenital lipodystrophy and diabetes in adult southern Indian patients","volume":"14","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.01.012","article-title":"Genetics of Lipodystrophy","volume":"46","author":"Lightbourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001888","article-title":"Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20118-3","article-title":"Burden of metabolic syndrome in the global adult HIV-infected population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Trachunthong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4158\/EP11139.OR","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy: an objective definition based on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived regional fat ratios in a South Asian population","volume":"18","author":"Asha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08083-2","article-title":"Follow-up of phenotype and metabolic changes in adult males living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) for a decade","volume":"15","author":"Satyakumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001410","article-title":"Insulin prices, availability and affordability in 13 low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"4","author":"Ewen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0591-8","article-title":"The impact of health systems on diabetes care in low and lower middle income countries","volume":"15","author":"Beran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1366368","article-title":"Current barriers to initiating insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Gald\u00f3n Sanz-Pastor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01627-9","article-title":"Impact of patients\u2019 beliefs about insulin on acceptance and adherence to insulin therapy: a qualitative study in primary care","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32822-8","article-title":"The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the lancet commission report","volume":"393","author":"Swinburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13078","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiometabolic risk in South Asian youth: a review","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pedia Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib102","unstructured":"South-East Asia. Diabetes Atlas n.d. \u3008https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/data-by-location\/region\/south-east-asia\/\u3009 (accessed April 28, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1146-1","article-title":"Economic impact of diabetes in South Asia: the magnitude of the problem","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103250","article-title":"Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus: rushing toward \u201ctype 5\u201d amid unresolved questions and limited evidence","volume":"19","author":"Misra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X26000400?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X26000400?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T20:22:54Z","timestamp":1784319774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X26000400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X26000400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Type 5 diabetes: A disorder associated with undernutrition: The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and differential diagnosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2026.102118","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102118"}}