{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:43:28Z","timestamp":1780595008373,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Processes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T12:17:19Z","timestamp":1569845839000},"page":"103980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Behavioural consequences of divergent selection on general locomotor activity in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"E. Tobias","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loc","family":"Phi-van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Dudde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joergen B.","family":"Kjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001598085","article-title":"Strain and age differences in behaviour, fear response and pecking tendency in laying hens","volume":"44","author":"Albentosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1163\/156853909X446190","article-title":"Divergent selection for inherent fearfulness leads to divergent yolk steroid levels in quail","volume":"146","author":"Bertin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00105-2","article-title":"Early locomotor behaviour in genetic stocks of chickens with different growth rates","volume":"68","author":"Bizeray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.12.018","article-title":"Fearfulness in red junglefowl and domesticated White Leghorn chickens","volume":"81","author":"Campler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0137","article-title":"Social organization of a red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, population related to evolution theory","volume":"51","author":"Collias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.08.017","article-title":"More eggs but less social and more fearful? Differences in behavioral traits in relation to the phylogenetic background and productivity level in laying hens","volume":"209","author":"Dudde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040251","article-title":"Compensatory growth impairs adult cognitive performance","volume":"4","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0045","series-title":"An {R} Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03394432","article-title":"Tonic immobility - role of fear and predation","volume":"27","author":"Gallup","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208389","article-title":"Tonic immobility reaction in chickens - response characteristics and methodology","volume":"3","author":"Gallup","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03394079","article-title":"Motivational properties of mirror-image stimulation in the domestic chicken","volume":"22","author":"Gallup","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668308416745","article-title":"Effects of Defeathering and insulative jackets on production by laying hens at low-temperatures","volume":"24","author":"Gonyou","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660120070686","article-title":"Age-related changes in fear, sociality and pecking behaviours in two strains of laying hen","volume":"42","author":"Hocking","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.11.015","article-title":"Domestication - from behaviour to genes and back again","volume":"97","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19860008","article-title":"The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic-fowl - a review","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"1986","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90017-6","article-title":"Chronic stressors, tonic immobility and leucocytic responses in the domestic fowl","volume":"46","author":"Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(82)90035-3","article-title":"Aspects of fear in japanese quail chicks (Coturnix-Coturnix-Japonica) genetically selected for different levels of locomotor-activity","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"Behav. Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(05)80044-9","article-title":"Social spacing in Domestic-Fowl under seminatural conditions - the effect of behavioral activity and activity transitions","volume":"32","author":"Keeling","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9280-1","article-title":"Feather pecking in domestic fowl is genetically related to locomotor activity levels: implications for a hyperactivity disorder model of feather pecking","volume":"39","author":"Kjaer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182103","article-title":"Divergent selection on home pen locomotor activity in a chicken model: selection program, genetic parameters and direct response on activity and body weight","volume":"12","author":"Kjaer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6100063","article-title":"Evidence for the Association of a Deleted Variant in the 5\u2032-Flanking Region of the Chicken serotonin transporter (5-HTT) Gene with a Temporary Increase in Feed Intake and Growth Rate","volume":"6","author":"Kjaer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(98)00217-2","article-title":"Development of feather pecking in relation to light intensity","volume":"62","author":"Kjaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.126.15.354","article-title":"Limb bone strength and movement in laying hens from different housing systems","volume":"126","author":"Knowles","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-0003033","article-title":"Long-term consequences of early nutritional conditions on the behaviour and growth of fire salamanders","volume":"37","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.03.021","article-title":"Compensatory growth affects exploratory behaviour in zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata","volume":"81","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S11","article-title":"Zebra finch males compensate in plumage ornaments at sexual maturation for a bad start in life","volume":"12","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1470318","article-title":"High, low, or familiar? Nest site preferences of experienced laying hens","volume":"59","author":"Krause","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0145","first-page":"140","article-title":"A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"75","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Gefl\u00fcgelkunde"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.051","article-title":"A polymorphism in the 5\u2032-flanking region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene affects fear-related behaviors of adult domestic chickens","volume":"330","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.12.029","article-title":"Fear but not social behaviour is affected by a polymorphism in the 5\u2032-flanking region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene in adult hens","volume":"361","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00113","article-title":"Analysis of severe feather pecking behavior in a high feather pecking selection line","volume":"88","author":"Labouriau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1399\/eps.2015.89","article-title":"Phylogenic versus selection effects on growth development, egg laying and egg quality in purebred laying hens","volume":"79","author":"Lieboldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Poultry Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12230","article-title":"Global diversity and genetic contributions of chicken populations from African, Asian and European regions","volume":"45","author":"Lyimo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00167-2","article-title":"Effects of an acute stressor on fear and on the social reinstatement responses of domestic chicks to cagemates and strangers","volume":"71","author":"Marin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9807-1","article-title":"Genetic determinism of fearfulness, general activity and feeding behavior in chickens and its relationship with digestive efficiency","volume":"47","author":"Mignon-Grasteau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.0011","article-title":"Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change","volume":"363","author":"Monaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B-Biological Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12799","article-title":"A functional variant in the 5\u2032-flanking region of the chicken serotonin transporter gene is associated with increased body weight and locomotor activity","volume":"131","author":"Phi-van","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0195","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models","volume":"3","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.asb.2019.02.001","article-title":"Sexual selection in sociallystructured, polyandrous populations: some insights from the fowl","volume":"51","author":"Pizzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Study Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2001.00703.x","article-title":"Effects of resource allocation on behavioural strategies: a comparison of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and two domesticated breeds of poultry","volume":"107","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020880211144","article-title":"QTL analysis of a red junglefowl x white leghorn intercross reveals trade-off in resource allocation between behavior and production traits","volume":"32","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BEGE.0000009481.98336.fc","article-title":"Major growth QTLs in fowl are related to fearful behavior: possible genetic links between fear responses and production traits in a red junglefowl x White Leghorn intercross","volume":"34","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.824973x","article-title":"A resource allocation model describing consequences of artificial selection under metabolic stress","volume":"82","author":"van der Waaij","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S9","article-title":"Personality over ontogeny in zebra finches: long-term repeatable traits but unstable behavioural syndromes","volume":"12","author":"Wuerz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Zool."}],"container-title":["Behavioural Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376635719301494?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376635719301494?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T06:51:29Z","timestamp":1759819889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376635719301494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0376635719301494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-6357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-6357","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Behavioural consequences of divergent selection on general locomotor activity in chickens","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Processes","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.103980","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103980"}}