{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:08:22Z","timestamp":1791828502899,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T09:03:46Z","timestamp":1522141426000},"page":"576-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Scleroderma in children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zulian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22551","article-title":"The PRES\/ACR\/EULAR provisional classification criteria for juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Zulian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an ACR-EULAR collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"Van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2017.1243467","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Zulian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20070","article-title":"Incidence of childhood linear scleroderma and systemic sclerosis in the UK and Ireland","volume":"62","author":"Herrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11073","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population","volume":"48","author":"Mayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22207","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis in childhood: clinical and immunological features of 153 patients in an international database","volume":"54","author":"Martini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200106","article-title":"Progressive systemic sclerosis in a family: case report of a mother and son and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Gray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib8","first-page":"2267","article-title":"Occurrence of scleroderma in monozygotic twins","volume":"27","author":"De Keyser","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804233381704","article-title":"Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Artlett","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39765","article-title":"HLA\u2013DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 in juvenile-onset systemic sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker521","article-title":"Access to care for children and young people diagnosed with localised scleroderma or juvenile SSC in the UK","volume":"51","author":"Hawley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib12","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Childhood onset systemic sclerosis: classification, clinical and serologic features, and survival in comparison with adult onset disease","volume":"33","author":"Scalapino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.07.007","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison between nailfold capillaroscopy patterns in adulthood in juvenile and adult-onset systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR exploratory study","volume":"102","author":"Ingegnoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.444","article-title":"Nailfold capillary microscopy in healthy children and in childhood rheumatic diseases: a prospective single blind observational study","volume":"62","author":"Dolezalova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib15","first-page":"2692","article-title":"Twenty-four hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in children and adolescents with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken388","article-title":"Factors affecting survival in juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Martini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib17","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Severe cardiac involvement in children with systemic sclerosis and myositis","volume":"29","author":"Quartier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22747","article-title":"Clinical subsets, skin thickness progression rate, and serum antibody levels in systemic sclerosis patients with anti-topoisomerase I antibody","volume":"56","author":"Perera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.6.585","article-title":"European multicentre study to define disease activity criteria for systemic sclerosis. I. Clinical and epidemiological features of 290 patients from 19 centres","volume":"60","author":"Della Rossa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080021","article-title":"Evaluation of heart rhythm variability and arrhythmia in children with systemic and localized scleroderma","volume":"36","author":"Wozniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080377","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging with pharmacological stress perfusion and delayed enhancement in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu350","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial fibrosis and microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiotomography","volume":"54","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Reyna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131280","article-title":"Quantification of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac MR imaging for early detection of left ventricle involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Thuny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.6.1161","article-title":"Pulmonary functions in children with progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"88","author":"Garty","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2000.0490","article-title":"Computed tomography of diffuse interstitial lung disease in children","volume":"55","author":"Koh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib26","first-page":"83","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in juvenile rheumatic diseases: known measures, patterns and indications","volume":"32","author":"Gerhold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib27","series-title":"Infrared thermography after cold-challenge for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon in pediatric age","author":"Cappella","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34652","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary disease severity score for juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"La Torre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096677","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR)","volume":"68","author":"Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209909","article-title":"Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib31","article-title":"Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg480","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of iloprost for the treatment of ischaemic digits in paediatric connective tissue diseases","volume":"43","author":"Zulian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"Suppl. II","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib33","first-page":"90","article-title":"Bosentan reduces the number of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Seibold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130658","article-title":"Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei211","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil as first-line treatment improves clinically evident early scleroderma lung disease","volume":"45","author":"Liossis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055120","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"354","author":"Tashkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22204","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter, prospective, randomized, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids and intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by oral azathioprine for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma","volume":"54","author":"Hoyles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2861","article-title":"Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pulmonary function in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"133","author":"Gerbino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30152-7","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil versus oral cyclophosphamide in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease (SLS II): a randomised controlled, double-blind, parallel group trial","volume":"4","author":"Tashkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.098384","article-title":"Stem cell transplantation: a treatment option for severe systemic sclerosis?","volume":"67","author":"Van Laar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60982-3","article-title":"Autologous non-myeloablative haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with pulse cyclophosphamide once per month for systemic sclerosis (ASSIST): an open-label, randomised phase 2 trial","volume":"378","author":"Burt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.6368","article-title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"311","author":"Van Laar","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22847","article-title":"B-cell infiltration in systemic sclerosis\u2014associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"56","author":"Lafyatis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24249","article-title":"B\u00a0cell depletion with rituximab in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Lafyatis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.095463","article-title":"Rituximab in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: an open label clinical and histopatological study","volume":"69","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120778","article-title":"Two-year results of an open pilot study of a 2-treatment course with rituximab in patients with early systemic sclerosis with diffuse skin involvement","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.10.003","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter, open-label, comparative study of B-cell depletion therapy with Rituximab for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"46","author":"Daoussis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sem Arth Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-5-352","article-title":"Outcome of renal crisis in systemic sclerosis: relation to availability of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors","volume":"113","author":"Steen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei251","article-title":"Juvenile Localized Scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study","volume":"45","author":"Zulian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.04.052","article-title":"Congenital localized scleroderma","volume":"149","author":"Zulian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000245727.40630.c3","article-title":"Localized scleroderma","volume":"18","author":"Laxer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2005.00979.x","article-title":"Long-lasting follow-up favours a close relationship between progressive facial hemiatrophy and scleroderma en coup de sabre","volume":"19","author":"Jablonska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640260045011","article-title":"Disabling pansclerotic morphea in children","volume":"116","author":"Diaz-Perez","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00033.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma in pansclerotic morphea of childhood","volume":"19","author":"Wollina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04041.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with long standing pansclerotic morphea","volume":"144","author":"Parodi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21264","article-title":"Localized scleroderma in childhood is not just a skin disease","volume":"52","author":"Zulian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.79","article-title":"Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases","volume":"145","author":"Leitenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/000155502753600920","article-title":"Two cases of morphea associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01973.x","article-title":"Association of vitiligo, morphea, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"43","author":"Dervis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390624","article-title":"Childhood-onset scleroderma: is it different from adult-onset disease?","volume":"9","author":"Vancheeswaran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15001","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of morphoea: from genetics to future treatment targets","volume":"177","author":"Saracino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib62","first-page":"1997","article-title":"Progressive facial hemiatrophy: central nervous system involvement and relationship with scleroderma en coup de sabre","volume":"30","author":"Blaszczyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib63","first-page":"193","article-title":"Linear scleroderma en coup de sabre and brain calcification: is there a pathogenic relationship?","volume":"30","author":"Flores-Alvarado","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02435.x","article-title":"Odontostomatologic involvement in juvenile localised scleroderma of the face","volume":"48","author":"Trainito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.116038","article-title":"Ocular involvement in children with localized scleroderma: a multicenter study","volume":"91","author":"Zannin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-6-849","article-title":"Linear scleroderma: clinical spectrum, prognosis, and laboratory abnormalities","volume":"104","author":"Falanga","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70217-9","article-title":"Clinical characteristics associated with antihistone antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70217-X","article-title":"Anticentromere antibody in localized scleroderma","volume":"15","author":"Ruffatti","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.8.771","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibody in localised scleroderma","volume":"62","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib70","first-page":"650","article-title":"Localized scleroderma severity index and global assessments: a pilot study of outcome instruments","volume":"35","author":"Arkachaisri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel446","article-title":"A\u00a0new computerized method for the assessment of skin lesions in Localized Scleroderma","volume":"46","author":"Zulian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.10.1178","article-title":"Juvenile-onset localized scleroderma activity detection by infrared thermography","volume":"41","author":"Martini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13452","article-title":"The role of local temperature and other clinical characteristics of localized scleroderma as markers of disease activity","volume":"56","author":"Garcia-Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22920","article-title":"Laser Doppler flowmetry for assessing localized scleroderma in children","volume":"56","author":"Weibel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12255","article-title":"Scanning laser Doppler imaging may predict disease progression of localized scleroderma in children and young adults","volume":"169","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem120","article-title":"Ultrasonography is a sensitive tool for monitoring localized scleroderma","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20407","article-title":"Initial evaluation of an ultrasound measure for assessing the activity of skin lesions in juvenile localized scleroderma","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2163","article-title":"MRI findings in deep and generalized morphea","volume":"190","author":"Horger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102136","article-title":"Localized scleroderma: MR findings and clinical features","volume":"260","author":"Schanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328309a5eb","article-title":"New developments in Localized scleroderma","volume":"20","author":"Zulian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.109307","article-title":"Photochemotherapy for systemic and localized scleroderma","volume":"43","author":"De Rie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1063","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma","volume":"54","author":"Kreuter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12522855","article-title":"The carcinogenic effect of UVA irradiation","volume":"81","author":"Staberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30264","article-title":"Methotrexate in juvenile localized scleroderma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Zulian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.03.036","article-title":"A\u00a0long-term follow-up study of methotrexate in juvenile localized scleroderma (morphea)","volume":"67","author":"Zulian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110210","article-title":"Methotrexate and corticosteroids in the treatment of localized scleroderma: a standardized prospective longitudinal single-center study","volume":"39","author":"Torok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep244","article-title":"Successful treatment of severe or methotrexate-resistant juvenile localized scleroderma with mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"48","author":"Martini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090708","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma: results of a survey of North American pediatric rheumatologists","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 106","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib89","first-page":"211","article-title":"Tocilizumab in two children with pansclerotic morphoea: a hopeful therapy for refractory cases","volume":"35","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib90","first-page":"73","article-title":"The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960\u20131993","volume":"24","author":"Peterson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.239","article-title":"An evaluation of long-term outcomes in adults with pediatric-onset morphea","volume":"146","author":"Saxton-Daniels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12606","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcome of linear morphoea in children","volume":"169","author":"Piram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694218300068?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694218300068?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T17:18:08Z","timestamp":1761499088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521694218300068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521694218300068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Scleroderma in children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2018.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}