{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T13:05:09Z","timestamp":1793624709470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T04:45:49Z","timestamp":1743223549000},"page":"102059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases in tropical populations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sham","family":"Santhanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.007","article-title":"Tropical diseases: definition, geographic distribution, transmission, and classification","volume":"26","author":"Zumla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib2","series-title":"Encyclopedia of world climatology encyclopedia of earth sciences series","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3266-8_212","article-title":"Tropical and equatorial climates","author":"Henry","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4470-3.50007-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of disease in the tropics","author":"Shetty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Manson's Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep063","article-title":"Tropical rheumatology--a global issue","volume":"48","author":"Adebajo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06090-6","article-title":"Neglected tropical rheumatic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Sahoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib6","unstructured":"Anouk LG, Charlotte M, Jayne D, Eric H, Frederic V, Nicky L. Neglected Tropical Diseases key aspects for the rheumatologist [Internet]. Medical Research Archives [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/esmed.org\/MRA\/mra\/article\/view\/4512."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.30441","article-title":"Rheumatic manifestations of parasitic diseases","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00232-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib9","article-title":"Impact of climate change on rheumatic diseases: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Katsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clim Chang Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib10","article-title":"Potential adverse health consequences of climate change related to rheumatic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Bush","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clim Chang Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e870","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00248-0","article-title":"Ecological and socioeconomic factors associated with the human burden of environmentally mediated pathogens: a global analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sokolow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.86","article-title":"Geoepidemiology of autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Shapira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.04.006","article-title":"Travel- and immigration-related problems in rheumatology","volume":"28","author":"Adizie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/478292","article-title":"The influence of poverty and culture on the transmission of parasitic infections in rural Nicaraguan villages","volume":"2012","author":"Karan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.686540","article-title":"Exclusivity of cultural practices within emerging disease outbreak responses in developing nations leads to detrimental outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Lal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416872","article-title":"Traditional beliefs, practices, and migration: a risk to malaria transmission in rural Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Awasthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0139-2024","article-title":"Risk factors for acute rheumatic disease: exploring factors at individual and collective levels","volume":"57","author":"Mendoza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05134-z","article-title":"Factors associated with occurrence of salmonellosis among children living in Mukuru slum, an urban informal settlement in Kenya","volume":"20","author":"Mbae","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib19","article-title":"Salmonella in the environment: a review on ecology, antimicrobial resistance, seafood contaminations, and human health implications","volume":"13","author":"Billah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib20","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis: prevalence, risk factors, economic cost and control options with particular reference to India- a review","volume":"8","author":"Deka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib21","first-page":"709","article-title":"Factors associated with human brucellosis among patients attending in ayu primary hospital, north showa, Ethiopia: a case control study","volume":"31","author":"TeshomeYimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-015-0098-2","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei causing bone and joint infections: a clinical update","volume":"5","author":"Raja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.009274","article-title":"Tropical pyomyositis (myositis tropicans): current perspective","volume":"80","author":"Chauhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0281","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis risk factors among bacteriologically negative and bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis patients from five regional referral hospitals in Uganda","volume":"100","author":"Muttamba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib25","series-title":"Nutrition and health in a developing world . Nutrition and health","first-page":"385","article-title":"Tuberculosis","author":"Oren","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13010014","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and risk factors of Pott's Disease","volume":"1","author":"Glassman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib27","article-title":"Factors influencing leprosy incidence: a comprehensive analysis of observations in Wenshan of China, Nepal, and other global epidemic areas","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1086\/512371","article-title":"HIV epidemiology update and transmission factors: risks and risk contexts--16th International AIDS Conference epidemiology plenary","volume":"44","author":"Beyrer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05082-8","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)-associated rheumatic manifestations in thepre- and post-HAART eras","volume":"39","author":"Vega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010081","article-title":"Risks and challenges of arboviral diseases in Sudan: the Urgent need for actions","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007735","article-title":"Socioeconomic risk markers of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Power","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9986078","article-title":"Prevalence of human intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among school children in Hakim District, Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2024","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib33","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections: a population-based study in Phra Lap sub-District, Mueang Khon Kaen District, Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Boonjaraspinyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trav Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1104519","article-title":"Editorial: tropical fungal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Taborda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.004","article-title":"Tropical fungal infections","volume":"26","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-019-03302-0","article-title":"Skeletal fluorosis: don't miss the diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Sellami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skelet Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.120030","article-title":"Environmental determinants of severity in sickle cell disease","volume":"100","author":"Tewari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015","volume":"377","author":"Watkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01841.x","article-title":"Rheumatic fever in indigenous Australian children","volume":"46","author":"Parnaby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076","article-title":"Salmonellosis: an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative approaches to mitigate the antimicrobial resistant infections","volume":"13","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib42","article-title":"Typhoid & paratyphoid fever","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"CDC Yellow Book"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209449","article-title":"Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India","volume":"388","author":"John","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2295398","article-title":"Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.009274","article-title":"Tropical pyomyositis (myositis tropicans): current perspective","volume":"80","author":"Chauhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib46","unstructured":"Lanternier F, Memain N & Lortholary O. Pyomyositis [Internet]. Orphanet [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/pdfs\/data\/patho\/GB\/uk-pyomyositis.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib47","unstructured":"Tuberculosis [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tuberculosis#:\u223c:text=TB%20mostly%20affects%20adults%20in,and%200.38%20million%20to%20diabetes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib48","series-title":"Tuberculosis in adults and children","author":"Heemskerk","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib49","unstructured":"Leprosy [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leprosy#:\u223c:text=Leprosy%20is%20a%20neglected%20tropical,fewer%20than%201000%20new%20cases."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib50","unstructured":"Leprosy [Internet]. National Leprosy Eradication Programme [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909081#:\u223c:text=With%20various%20intervention%20introduced%20under,the%20National%20level%20in%202005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib51","unstructured":"Leprosy [Internet]. Pan American Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/leprosy#:\u223c:text=The%20number%20of%20new%20cases%20detected%20in%202021%20increased%20slightly,19%20635)%20occurred%20in%20Brazil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08552-x","article-title":"Measuring leprosy case detection delay and associated factors in Indonesia: a community-based study","volume":"23","author":"Dharmawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib53","unstructured":"HIV [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1086\/605496","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"Staples","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2018.1559708","article-title":"Chikungunya virus in Asia - Pacific: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wimalasiri-Yapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.080201","article-title":"Chikungunya-related fatality rates, Mauritius, India, and Reunion Island","volume":"14","author":"Renault","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib58","unstructured":"Chikungunya worldwide overview [Internet]. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: European CDC https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/chikungunya-monthly."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib60","unstructured":"Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. 1, Chapter 1, Epidemiology, burden of disease and transmission. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK143159\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib61","series-title":"Report of the scientific working group meeting on dengue. Geneva. 1\u20135 october 2006","first-page":"29","article-title":"Recent epidemiological trends, the global strategy and public health advances in dengue. Working paper 3.1","author":"Nathan","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib62","unstructured":"Zika [Internet]. CDC Yellow Book 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/yellowbook\/2024\/infections-diseases\/zika."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib63","unstructured":"Schistosomiasis [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis#:\u223c:text=Epidemiology,can%20develop%20female%20genital%20schistosomiasis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib65","unstructured":"Sporotrichosis [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sporotrichosis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1104519","article-title":"Editorial: tropical fungal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Taborda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-22-00342","article-title":"Prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in northern Tanzania: a follow-up study","volume":"11","author":"Foat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib68","first-page":"379","article-title":"Prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in fisherman from Kutch coast, Gujarat, India","volume":"66","author":"John","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20120036","article-title":"Osteoarticular involvement in sickle cell disease","volume":"34","author":"da Silva Junior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00183-2","article-title":"Obiageli Nnodu: sickle cell disease in Africa's largest nation","volume":"11","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib71","unstructured":"Sickle cell disease [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/sickle-cell-disease."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215920","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"78","author":"Safiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133858","article-title":"Prevalence of arthritis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Usenbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.301223.eaf","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis development","volume":"34","author":"Venetsanopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223035","article-title":"Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"82","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab190","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of systemic sclerosis globally: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Bairkdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-5994.2001.00048.x","article-title":"Scleroderma in South Australia: epidemiological observations of possible pathogenic significance","volume":"31","author":"Roberts-Thomson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14376","article-title":"Scleroderma in Cairns: an epidemiological study","volume":"50","author":"Abbot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22831","article-title":"Global prevalence of spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"68","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.86","article-title":"Geoepidemiology of autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Shapira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket387","article-title":"Global prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Dean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00117-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of gout, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"6","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188241227295","article-title":"Epidemiology of gout - global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2019 and future trend predictions","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib85","unstructured":"Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases\/interventions\/strategies."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.1037913","article-title":"Grand challenges in major tropical diseases","volume":"3","author":"Barreto-Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1180606","article-title":"Grand challenges in major tropical diseases: Part II","volume":"4","author":"Menezes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib88","unstructured":"Current health expenditure [Internet]. World Bank [cited 2025 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011116","article-title":"Challenges of implementation of the preventive chemotherapy neglected tropical diseases programme in Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Otoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.09.020","article-title":"Road map to the treatment of neglected tropical diseases: nanocarriers interventions","volume":"339","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059_bib91","article-title":"The outlook of rheumatological care in Africa: current state, challenges, and recommendation","volume":"82","author":"Nicholas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)."}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694225000270?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694225000270?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T18:59:39Z","timestamp":1751396379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521694225000270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521694225000270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases in tropical populations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102059"}}