{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:06:20Z","timestamp":1791648380220,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1760072140000},"page":"102105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel therapies for axial spondyloarthritis and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dzhus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1291-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter P.","family":"Maksymowych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01620-3","article-title":"The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside","volume":"8","author":"Huangfu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212127","article-title":"Dual IL-17A and IL-17F neutralisation by bimekizumab in psoriatic arthritis: evidence from preclinical experiments and a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial that IL-17F contributes to human chronic tissue inflammation","volume":"77","author":"Glatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001306","article-title":"Dual neutralisation of IL-17F and IL-17A with bimekizumab blocks inflammation-driven osteogenic differentiation of human periosteal cells","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2012.05.006","article-title":"Association of serum interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 levels with disease activity in Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-216980","article-title":"Dual neutralization of interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F with bimekizumab in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: results from a 48-week phase IIb, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- ranging study","volume":"79","author":"van der Heijde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42282","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bimekizumab in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: three-year results from a phase IIb randomized Controlled trial and its open-label extension study","volume":"74","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005081","article-title":"Long-term safety and sustained efficacy of bimekizumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (radiographic axial spondyloarthritis): 5-year results from BE AGILE (phase 2b) and its open-label extension","volume":"11","author":"Deodhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222747","article-title":"Instrument selection for the ASAS core outcome set for axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"82","author":"Navarro-Compan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223595","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bimekizumab in axial spondyloarthritis: results of two parallel phase 3 randomised controlled trials","volume":"82","author":"Van der Heijde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224803","article-title":"Bimekizumab treatment in patients with active axial spondyloarthritis: 52-week efficacy and safety from the randomised parallel phase 3 BE MOBILE 1 and BE MOBILE 2 studies","volume":"83","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf009","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of bimekizumab in axial spondyloarthritis: 2-year results from two Phase 3 studies","volume":"64","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.147","article-title":"Three-year results from the open-label extension of two phase 3 studies show sustained efficacy and safety of bimekizumab across the full spectrum of axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"84","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib13","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Bimekizumab treatment resulted in improvements in MRI inflammatory and structural lesions in the sacroiliac joints of patients with axial spondyloarthritis: 52-week results and post hoc analyses from two phase 3 studies","volume":"76","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib14","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Minimal spinal radiographic progression in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis over 2 years of bimekizumab treatment: results from a phase 3 open-label extension study","volume":"76","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225933","article-title":"Low uveitis rates in patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with bimekizumab: pooled results from phase 2b\/3 trials","volume":"83","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.1773","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase ii clinical trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, safety of repeated administration of xeligekimab (GR1501) injection in patients with active axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.05.124","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of xeligekimab in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results from a phase 3 trial","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5994","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065994","article-title":"Nanobodies: a review of diagnostic and therapeutic applications","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-024-00648-3","article-title":"Next-generation anti-TNF\u03b1 agents: the example of ozoralizumab","volume":"38","author":"Tsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00440-2","article-title":"IL17A\/F nanobody sonelokimab in patients with plaque psoriasis: a multicentre, randomised, Placebo-Controlled, phase 2b Study","volume":"397","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2024-eular.1295","article-title":"OP0195 Efficacy and safety of sonelokimab, a novel IL-17A- and IL-17F-inhibiting nanobody, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA): results from the global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 ARGO trial","volume":"83","author":"McInnes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.04.007","article-title":"Affibody molecules in biotechnology and medical applications","volume":"35","author":"St\u00e5hl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2024-eular.LBA85","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of izokibep, a novel IL-17A inhibitor, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: week 16 results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase 2b\/3 study","volume":"83","author":"Mease","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109947","article-title":"Generation and characterization of QLS22001, a humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes IL-17A and IL-17F with an extended half-life","volume":"117","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.05.413","article-title":"Characterization of ORKA-002, a novel extended half-life monoclonal antibody targeting IL-17A\/F for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"84","author":"Kwan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224479","article-title":"New biologic (Ab-IPL-IL-17) for IL-17-mediated diseases: identification of the bioactive sequence (nIL-17) for IL-17A\/F function","volume":"82","author":"Saviano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03213-8","article-title":"Oral peptide therapeutics as an emerging treatment modality in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a narrative review","volume":"42","author":"Gold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020815","article-title":"The current and promising oral delivery methods for protein- and peptide-based drugs","volume":"25","author":"Nicze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67371-5","article-title":"JNJ-77242113, a highly potent, selective peptide targeting the IL-23 receptor, provides robust IL-23 pathway inhibition upon oral dosing in rats and humans","volume":"14","author":"Fourie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308713","article-title":"An oral interleukin-23-receptor antagonist peptide for plaque psoriasis","volume":"390","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.426","volume":"84","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib32","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.biospace.com\/press-releases\/protagonist-announces-nomination-of-pn-881-a-potential-best-in-class-oral-peptide-il-17-antagonist-development-candidate.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001149","article-title":"Effects of ustekinumab on spondylitis-associated endpoints in TNFi-na\u00efve active psoriatic arthritis patients with physician-reported spondylitis: pooled results from two phase 3, randomised, controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Helliwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00105-3","article-title":"Efficacy of guselkumab on axial involvement in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and sacroiliitis: a post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 studies","volume":"3","author":"Mease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221422","article-title":"No efficacy of anti-IL-23 therapy for axial spondyloarthritis in randomised controlled trials but in post-hoc analyses of psoriatic arthritis-related \u2018physician-reported spondylitis\u2019","volume":"81","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib36","first-page":"72","article-title":"What constitutes a positive MRI for clinical trial recruitment of psoriatic arthritis patients with axial involvement?","volume":"49","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210322","article-title":"Tofacitinib in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a phase II, 16-week, randomised, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study","volume":"76","author":"van der Heijde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key104","article-title":"Tofacitinib is associated with attainment of the minimally important reduction in axial magnetic resonance imaging inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis patients","volume":"57","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-023-00564-y","article-title":"Tofacitinib reduces spinal inflammation in vertebral bodies and posterolateral elements in ankylosing spondylitis: results from a phase 2 trial","volume":"10","author":"Ostergaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219601","article-title":"Tofacitinib for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"80","author":"Deodhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32534-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (SELECT-AXIS 1): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Van der Heijde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002280","article-title":"Upadacitinib in active ankylosing spondylitis: results of the 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled SELECT-AXIS 1 study and open-label extension","volume":"8","author":"Van der Heijde","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222608","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib for active ankylosing spondylitis refractory to biological therapy: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"81","author":"van der Heijde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21337","article-title":"Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of spinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31946-9","volume":"392","author":"Van der Heijde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21445","article-title":"Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of sacroiliac joint inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23044","article-title":"Adalimumab significantly reduces both spinal and sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"56","author":"Lambert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03412-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis refractory to biologic therapy: 2-year clinical and radiographic results from the open-label extension of the SELECT-AXIS 2 study","volume":"26","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01212-0","article-title":"Upadacitinib for the treatment of active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SELECT-AXIS 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"400","author":"Deodhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03441-3","article-title":"Upadacitinib in active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 2-year data from the phase 3 SELECT-AXIS 2 study","volume":"27","author":"Van den Bosch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43069","article-title":"Development of extra musculoskeletal manifestations in upadacitinib-treated patients with psoriatic arthritis or axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"77","author":"Poddubnyy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32463-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of filgotinib, a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA): results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"392","author":"van der Heijde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab758","article-title":"Filgotinib decreases both vertebral body and posterolateral spine inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis: results from the TORTUGA trial","volume":"61","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140519","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of the spondyloarthritis research consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging sacroiliac joint structural score","volume":"42","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab543","article-title":"Impact of filgotinib on sacroiliac joint magnetic resonance imaging structural lesions at 12 weeks in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA trial)","volume":"61","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126567","article-title":"TYK2 inhibition reduces type 3 immunity and modifies disease progression in murine spondyloarthritis","volume":"130","author":"Gracey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.05.495","article-title":"Zasocitinib (tak-279), a highly selective oral tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2) inhibitor, elicits minimal disease activity and early skin responses in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results from a randomised phase 2b study","volume":"84","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa846","article-title":"STAT3 phosphorylation inhibition for treating inflammation and new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"60","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01771-2","article-title":"Unique transcriptome signatures and GM-CSF expression in lymphocytes from patients with spondyloarthritis","volume":"8","author":"Al-Mossawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01520","article-title":"GM-CSF primes proinflammatory monocyte responses in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13853-4","article-title":"GM-CSF drives dysregulated hematopoietic stem cell activity and pathogenic extramedullary myelopoiesis in experimental spondyloarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Regan-Komito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00099-7","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralisation in patients with axial spondyloarthritis in the UK (NAMASTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"6","author":"Worth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00167-X","article-title":"Proof-of-concept studies in axial spondyloarthritis: there are no shortcuts","volume":"6","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.06.005","article-title":"Discovery of CC-99677, a selective targeted covalent MAPKAPK2 (MK2) inhibitor for autoimmune disorders","volume":"249","author":"Malona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002977","article-title":"The p38\/MK2-driven exchange between tristetraprolin and HuR regulates AU-rich element-dependent translation","volume":"8","author":"Tiedje","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1913","article-title":"MAPKAP kinase 2-deficient mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"177","author":"Hegen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.166173","article-title":"A benzothiophene inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production and has oral anti-inflammatory efficacy in acute and chronic models of inflammation","volume":"333","author":"Mourey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02850-6","article-title":"CC-99677, a novel, oral, selective covalent MK2 inhibitor, sustainably reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production","volume":"24","author":"Gaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib69","first-page":"49","article-title":"CC-99677, a novel, selective, oral MK2 inhibitor, sustainably reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and ameliorates inflammation in the mannan-induced murine model of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"73","author":"Gaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib70","first-page":"1760","article-title":"A phase 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) Inhibitor in active ankylosing spondylitis [abstract]","volume":"76","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1644","article-title":"The kinases MSK1 and MSK2 act as negative regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"9","author":"Ananieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2813","article-title":"Regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA stability by TNF-alpha involves activation of the MKK6\/p38MAPK\/MK2 cascade","volume":"178","author":"Ehlting","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90051-A","article-title":"Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and anky-losing spondylitis","volume":"11","author":"Benjamin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-16.x","article-title":"HLA-B27-restricted cy-totoxic T lymphocyte responses to arthritogenic enterobacteria or self-antigens are dominated by closely related TCRBV gene seg-ments. a study in patients with reactive arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Duchmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3830","article-title":"Common intra-articular T cell expansions in patients with reactive arthritis: identical \u03b2-chain junctional sequences and cytotoxicity toward HLA-B27","volume":"162","author":"Dulphy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2002.600404.x","article-title":"Conserved TCR beta chain usage in reactive arthritis; evidence for selection by a putative HLA-B27-associated autoantigen","volume":"60","author":"May","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40028","article-title":"Discovery of T Cell re-ceptor \u03b2 motifs specific to HLA\u2013B27\u2013positive ankylosing spondyli-tis by deep repertoire sequence analysis","volume":"69","author":"Faham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex517","article-title":"CD8\u00fe T cells with characteristic T cell receptor beta motif are detected in blood and expanded in synovial fluid of ankylosing spondylitis patients","volume":"57","author":"Komech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41252","article-title":"Altered repertoire diversity and disease-associated clonal expansions revealed by T cell receptor immunosequencing in ankylosing spondylitis patients","volume":"72","author":"Hanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.032","article-title":"TCR repertoire and CDR3 motif analyses depict the role of \u03b1\u03b2 T cells in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05501-7","article-title":"Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B27-bound peptides","volume":"612","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00463","article-title":"Mother and child T cell receptor repertoires: deep profiling study","volume":"4","author":"Putintseva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02613-z","article-title":"Targeted depletion of TRBV9+ T cells as immunotherapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"29","author":"Britanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib84","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of BCD180, anti-TRBV9 \u00fe T-lymphocytes monoclonal antibody in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis:36-week results of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase II clinical study ELEFTA","volume":"11","author":"Nasonov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dokl Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib85","article-title":"Mucosal signatures of pathogenic T cells in HLA-B\u221727+ anterior uveitis and axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Paley","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40175","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces inflammation and predicts spinal progression in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"69","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg1210","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor drives pathology in a mouse model of spondyloarthritis and is associated with human disease","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206323","article-title":"Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"74","author":"Ciccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14289","article-title":"Phase I study of imalumab (BAX69), a fully human recombinant antioxidized macrophage migration inhibitory factor antibody in advanced solid tumours","volume":"86","author":"Mahalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0238-2","article-title":"The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01183-5","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 and MIF enhance neutrophil-driven type 3 immunity and chondrogenesis in a murine spondyloarthritis model","volume":"21","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.3076","article-title":"Results from a phase I, dose-escalation study of PX-478, an orally available inhibitor of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"28","author":"Tibes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.02.007","article-title":"PI3K-Akt-mTORC1-S6K1\/2 axis controls Th17 differentiation by regulating Gfi1 expression and nuclear translocation of RORgamma","volume":"1","author":"Kurebayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545886","article-title":"mTORC1 signaling and IL-17 expression: defining pathways and possible therapeutic targets","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02344","article-title":"mTOR Blockade by Rapamycin in Spondyloarthritis: impact on Inflammation and New Bone Formation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2724","article-title":"Blocking mTOR signalling with rapamycin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice","volume":"97","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12096","article-title":"Sirolimus ameliorates inflammatory responses by switching the regulatory T\/T helper type 17 profile in murine colitis","volume":"139","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib98","article-title":"Selective targeting of PI3K\u03b4 suppresses human IL-17-producing T cells and innate-like lymphocytes and may be therapeutic for IL-17-mediated diseases","volume":"111","author":"Chena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103173","article-title":"Blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3Kdelta or PI3Kgamma reduces IL-17 and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis","volume":"189","author":"Roller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.12.028","article-title":"Expression of PI3K signaling associated with T cells in psoriasis is inhibited by seletalisib, a PI3Kdelta inhibitor, and is required for functional activity","volume":"138","author":"Yager","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07911-6","article-title":"ROR\u03b3t inhibition selectively targets IL-17 producing iNKT and \u03b3\u03b4-T cells enriched in spondyloarthritis patients","volume":"10","author":"Venken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2025","article-title":"Border patrol: regulation of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis at barrier surfaces by IL-22","volume":"12","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90497-9","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical characterization of the ROR\u03b3t inhibitor JNJ-61803534","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae152","article-title":"Cedirogant in adults with psoriasis: a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Tyring","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.12.025","article-title":"Phase II randomized trial of BI 730357, an oral ROR\u03b3t inhibitor, for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis","volume":"145","author":"Gooderham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aba4163","article-title":"Pathogen-induced tissue resident memory TH17(TRM17) cells amplify autoimmune kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Krebs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib107","article-title":"CD4+ tissue-resident memory Th17cells are a major source of IL-17A in Spondyloarthritis synovial tissue","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib108","first-page":"POS0017","article-title":"Bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies to target TRBV9+ autoreactive T Cells in axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"84","author":"Glavaris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105_bib109","unstructured":"Gordon C, Raghu A, Greenside P, et al. Generative humanization for therapeutic antibodies. arXiv:2412.04737v2 [cs.LG], doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2412.04737.."}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694225000737?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694225000737?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T17:12:50Z","timestamp":1765386770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521694225000737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521694225000737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel therapies for axial spondyloarthritis and future directions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102105","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102105"}}