{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T08:29:45Z","timestamp":1793608185424,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:32:32Z","timestamp":1775151152000},"page":"102136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psoriatic arthritis-evolution of our understanding of the phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip S.","family":"Helliwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna D.","family":"Gladman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505557","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Ritchlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib2","unstructured":"Alibert JL. Pr\u00e9cis th\u00e9orique et pratique sur les maladies de la peau. Paris, Caille et Ravier, 1818, p21.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193910052211404","article-title":"The diagnosis of the various arthritides","volume":"221","author":"Bauer","year":"1939","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib4","first-page":"197","article-title":"Psoriasis arthropathica","volume":"7","author":"Vilanova","year":"1951","journal-title":"Rheumatism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195234040-00011","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis: observations on the clinical, roentgenographic, and pathological changes","volume":"34","author":"Sherman","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.15.4.348","article-title":"Psoriasis and arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(73)90035-8","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Moll","year":"1973","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib8","article-title":"The incidence of arthropathy in a 10 year series of psoriasis cases","volume":"28","author":"Leczinsky","year":"1948","journal-title":"Acta Dermatologken"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21972","article-title":"Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large","volume":"54","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"international study Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.027","article-title":"Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical studies","volume":"80","author":"Alinaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib11","series-title":"Seronegative polyarthritis","author":"Wright","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib12","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Clinical and radiological changes during psoriatic arthritis disease progression: working toward classification criteria","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094946","article-title":"Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis","volume":"68","author":"Ritchlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9247","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03417-6","article-title":"Case definition of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"356","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90011-7","article-title":"Rheumatism and psoriasis; a re-evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Wright","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib16","series-title":"A family study of psoriatic arthritis","author":"Moll","year":"1971"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200004)43:4<865::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Joint symmetry in early and late rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: comparison with a mathematical model","volume":"43","author":"Helliwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00347-5","article-title":"Effect of tight control of inflammation in early psoriatic arthritis (TICOPA): a UK multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"386","author":"Coates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.210434","article-title":"Oligoarticular versus polyarticular psoriatic arthritis: a longitudinal study showing similar characteristics","volume":"48","author":"Gladman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225833","article-title":"Treatment of early oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis with apremilast: primary outcomes at week 16 from the FOREMOST randomised controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Gossec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068085","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis - clinical and laboratory analysis of 220 patients","volume":"62","author":"Gladman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Quart J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib85","first-page":"199","article-title":"The management of 138 psoriatic arthritic patients","volume":"164","author":"Scarpa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/30.5.339","article-title":"A re-evaluation of the osteoarticular manifestations of psoriasis [see comments]","volume":"30","author":"Helliwell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.9.834","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis: outcome of disease subsets and relationship of joint disease to nail and skin disease","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-1-65","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis: state of the art review","volume":"17","author":"Coates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130453","article-title":"Arthritis mutilans: a report from the GRAPPA 2012 annual meeting","volume":"40","author":"Chandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel214","article-title":"The relationship between the extensor tendon enthesis and the nail in distal interphalangeal joint disease in psoriatic arthritis--a high-resolution MRI and histological study","volume":"46","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib24","first-page":"2645","article-title":"Operational definitions and observer reliability of the plain radiographic features of psoriatic arthritis. [review] [55 refs]","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-007-0074-2","article-title":"Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Gladman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000609","article-title":"Psoriatic spondylitis or ankylosing spondylitis with psoriasis: same or different?","volume":"31","author":"Chandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0006-8","article-title":"Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a critical comparison","volume":"14","author":"Feld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1538590","article-title":"HLA-B46 is associated with severe sacroiliitis in Japanese patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Ikumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209853","article-title":"Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis study: defining the clinical and radiographic phenotype of psoriatic spondyloarthritis","volume":"76","author":"Jadon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.5.386","article-title":"Psoriatic spondyloarthropathy: a long term prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Hanly","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213334","article-title":"Back pain in psoriatic arthritis: defining prevalence, characteristics and performance of inflammatory back pain criteria in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"77","author":"Yap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222537","article-title":"Isolated axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis with psoriasis","volume":"81","author":"Kwok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213328","article-title":"Risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, for ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept, dose-finding phase 2 study","volume":"77","author":"Baeten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-209068","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in psoriatic arthritis patients with peripheral arthritis and physician-reported spondylitis: post-hoc analyses from two phase III, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (PSUMMIT-1\/PSUMMIT-2)","volume":"75","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00105-3","article-title":"Efficacy of guselkumab on axial involvement in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and sacroiliitis: a post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 studies","volume":"3","author":"Mease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090412","article-title":"Axial psoriatic arthritis: update on a longterm prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Chandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.091059","article-title":"Risk factors for axial inflammatory arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Chandran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171094","article-title":"Influence of axial involvement on clinical characteristics of psoriatic arthritis: analysis from the corrona psoriatic Arthritis\/spondyloarthritis registry","volume":"45","author":"Mease","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4173-4","article-title":"Axial psoriatic arthritis: the impact of underdiagnosed disease on outcomes in real life","volume":"37","author":"Aydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211057975","article-title":"Axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis cohort (AXIS): the protocol of a joint project of the assessment of SpondyloArthritis international society (ASAS) and the group for research and assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (GRAPPA)","volume":"13","author":"Poddubnyy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2025-0234","article-title":"Update on the axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis (AXIS) project","volume":"52","author":"Torgutalp","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.018184","article-title":"Dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA): a marker for disease severity?","volume":"62","author":"Brockbank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220964","article-title":"Dactylitis is an indicator of a more severe phenotype independently associated with greater SJC, CRP, ultrasound synovitis and erosive damage in DMARD-naive early psoriatic arthritis","volume":"81","author":"Dubash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem315","article-title":"MRI changes in psoriatic dactylitis extent of pathology, relationship to tenderness and correlation with clinical indices","volume":"47","author":"Healy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130163","article-title":"Dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA): prevalence and response to therapy in the biologic era","volume":"40","author":"Gladman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Journal","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib47","first-page":"1745","article-title":"The development of an assessment tool for dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Helliwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24562","article-title":"International multi-centre psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis reliability trial (GRAPPA-IMPART): assessment of skin, joints, nails and dactylitis","volume":"61","author":"Chandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib49","first-page":"1740","article-title":"International spondyloarthritis inter-observer reliability exercise \u2013 the INSPIRE study: II. Assessment of peripheral joints, enthesitis and dactylitis","volume":"34","author":"Gladman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib50","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical and ultrasound validation of the Leeds enthesitis index in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42971","article-title":"Relationship between ultrasound and physical examination in the assessment of enthesitis in patients with spondyloarthritis: results from the DEUS multicenter study","volume":"77","author":"Di","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib52","first-page":"1959","article-title":"The development and validation of a diagnostic ultrasound enthesitis score (DUET) for psoriatic arthritis [abstract]","volume":"77","author":"Eder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib53","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis in South Asians \u2013 comparisons with Caucasians of European descent","volume":"64","author":"Chandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa298","article-title":"A clinical and radiographic comparison of patients with psoriatic arthritis from different ethnic backgrounds","volume":"60","author":"Aslam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg354","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the response to disease modifying drugs","volume":"42","author":"Helliwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-2139-5","article-title":"Phenotypic and clinical differences between Caucasian and South Asian patients with psoriatic arthritis living in north east London","volume":"32","author":"Roussou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3460-1","article-title":"Effect of ethnicity on disease activity and physical function in psoriatic arthritis in a multiethnic Asian population","volume":"36","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae066","article-title":"Racial and ethnic determinants of psoriatic arthritis phenotypes and disease activity","volume":"64","author":"Haberman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00370-4","article-title":"Racial differences in prevalence and treatment for psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis by insurance coverage in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Ogdie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.7.781","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases amongst Pakistanis living in England and Pakistan","volume":"36","author":"Hameed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib61","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis in British and Italian patients: a comparative clinical, radiologic, and scintigraphic study","author":"Marchesoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10026","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X","article-title":"Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants","volume":"387","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10520","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01565-X","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and human health: the main thesis and the evidence","volume":"406","author":"Monteiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17741","article-title":"Does weight loss reduce the severity and incidence of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis? A critically appraised topic","volume":"181","author":"Mahil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.141","article-title":"Obesity in early adulthood as a risk factor for psoriatic arthritis","volume":"146","author":"Soltani-Arabshahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18227","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors and the development of psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis","volume":"182","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.12.016","article-title":"The association between obesity and efficacy of psoriasis therapies: an expert consensus panel","volume":"92","author":"Burshtein","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2019.06.003","article-title":"Is obesity a predictor for lack of response to treatment in psoriatic arthritis? A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Gratac\u00f3s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202812","article-title":"Weight loss and achievement of minimal disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis starting treatment with tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 blockers","volume":"73","author":"Di Minno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39973","article-title":"The development of PsA in patients with psoriasis is preceded by a period of non-specific musculoskeletal symptoms: a prospective cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Eder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204448","article-title":"Obesity is associated with a lower probability of achieving sustained minimal disease activity state among patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"74","author":"Eder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.211037","article-title":"Potential impact of sex and BMI on response to therapy in psoriatic arthritis: post-hoc analysis of results from the SEAM-PsA trial","volume":"49","author":"Mease","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew326","article-title":"The influence of obesity on response to tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis: results from the DANBIO and ICEBIO registries","volume":"55","author":"H\u00f8jgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003157","article-title":"Association between obesity and likelihood of remission or low disease activity status in psoriatic arthritis applying index-based and patient-based definitions of remission: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"9","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152859","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of primary failure of targeted therapy in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Kharouf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1684641","article-title":"Central obesity in psoriatic arthritis: associations with disease activity, function, and quality of life in a real-world cohort","volume":"12","author":"Corrao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201357","article-title":"Gender difference in disease expression, radiographic damage and disability among patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"72","author":"Eder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105177","article-title":"Gender-related differences in disease activity and clinical features in patients with peripheral psoriatic arthritis: a multi-center study","volume":"88","author":"Duruoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jt Bone Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220154","article-title":"Women with psoriatic arthritis experience higher disease burden than men: findings from a real-world survey in the United States and Europe","volume":"50","author":"Gossec","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-025-00812-3","article-title":"Influence of biological sex on participant characteristics, guselkumab efficacy and radiographic progression in active psoriatic arthritis: post hoc analysis of three randomized trials","volume":"13","author":"Gladman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib81","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are more tender than those with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Buskila","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000388","article-title":"Fibromyalgia, a missed comorbidity in spondyloarthritis: prevalence and impact on assessment and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Mease","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220562","article-title":"Role of ultrasound for assessment of psoriatic arthritis patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"80","author":"Polachek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171411","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and clinical assessment of peripheral enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and fibromyalgia syndrome: the ULISSE study","volume":"46","author":"Macchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694226000215?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694226000215?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T08:12:47Z","timestamp":1793607167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521694226000215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521694226000215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psoriatic arthritis-evolution of our understanding of the phenotype","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102136","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102136"}}