{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:20:14Z","timestamp":1792819214775,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T03:54:16Z","timestamp":1775620456000},"page":"102146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["T-cell engagers in rheumatology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9763-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Nordmann-Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Wax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Askanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.07.028","article-title":"T cell-redirecting therapies in hematological malignancies: current developments and novel strategies for improved targeting","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152786","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in SLE: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Nordmann-Gomes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01139-z","article-title":"Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sterner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0028-1","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline","volume":"18","author":"Labrijn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081580","article-title":"T-Cell engagers-the structure and functional principle and application in hematological malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Cech","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-020-03404-6","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies targeting dual tumor-associated antigens in cancer therapy","volume":"146","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45160-y","article-title":"The anti-PD-L1\/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody KN046 in combination with nab-paclitaxel in first-line treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a multicenter phase II trial","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03125-y","article-title":"T cell engagers: expanding horizons in oncology and beyond","volume":"133","author":"Albayrak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-00896-6","article-title":"The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2025.08.004","article-title":"Characterization of anti-CD3 antibodies in clinically available bispecific T cell engagers","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1376096","article-title":"Structural and functional characterization of IgG- and non-igg-based T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102402","article-title":"Fc-Engineered therapeutic antibodies: recent advances and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Abdeldaim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2845","article-title":"AMG 757, a half-life extended, DLL3-Targeted bispecific T-Cell engager, shows high potency and sensitivity in preclinical models of small-cell lung cancer","volume":"27","author":"Giffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502099","article-title":"Tarlatamab in small-cell lung cancer after platinum-based chemotherapy","volume":"393","author":"Mountzios","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02823","article-title":"Tarlatamab, a first-in-class DLL3-Targeted bispecific T-Cell engager, in recurrent small-cell lung cancer: an Open-Label, phase I Study","volume":"41","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-021-00294-9","article-title":"The landscape of bispecific T cell engager in cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303379","article-title":"Cilta-cel or standard care in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"389","author":"San-Miguel","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib19","article-title":"Teclistamab plus daratumumab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.64","article-title":"B-cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103851","article-title":"Autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, functions and clinical implications","volume":"24","author":"Collet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001180","article-title":"Two-Year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis","volume":"383","author":"Furie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410965","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in active lupus nephritis","volume":"392","author":"Furie","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2408786","article-title":"BCMA-Targeted T-Cell-Engager therapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"391","author":"Hagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2407150","article-title":"Teclistamab-Induced remission in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"391","author":"Alexander","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02964-1","article-title":"Bispecific T cell engager therapy for refractory rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Bucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib27","article-title":"Application of blinatumomab, a bispecific anti-CD3\/CD19 T-cell engager, in treating severe systemic sclerosis: a case study","volume":"204","author":"Subklewe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.01.043","article-title":"Teclistamab in relapsed systemic sclerosis after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"84","author":"Siegert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib29","unstructured":"Marc Scherlinger, Yannick dieudonne, Anna Molto, Emmanuel Chatelus, Aurelien Guffroy, Thierry Martin, et al. Use of the CD19 CD3 T cell engager blinatumomab in refractory diffuse systemic sclerosis: a case series. In: Arthritis & Rheumatology [Internet]. Chicago, IL: American College of Rheumatology; Available from: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/use-of-the-cd19-cd3-t-cell-engager-blinatumomab-in-refractory-diffuse-systemic-sclerosis-a-case-series\/.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.464","article-title":"POS1113 treatment OF severe systemic sclerosis with blinatumomab, a bispecific ANTI-CD3\/CD19 T cell engager","volume":"84","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.510","article-title":"POS1160 a phase IB, multicentre, open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneously administered mosunetuzumab in participants with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"84","author":"Chindalore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.05.394","article-title":"LB0007 CC312, a novel engineered CD19\/CD3\/CD28 tri-specific ANTIBODY,LEADS to rapid and deep B-cell depletion and has broad potential for development in autoimmune diseases","volume":"84","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib33","series-title":"Arthritis & rheumatology [Internet]. Chicago, IL: American College of Rheumatology","article-title":"Induction of stable, GC-free remission in patients with severe, therapy-refractory anti-synthetase syndrome after using the bispecific CD19xCD3 T cell engager blinatumomab","author":"Duesing","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib34","series-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology [Internet]. Chicago, IL: American College of Rheumatology","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of T Cell Engager Therapy in patients with refractory Autoimmune Disease","author":"Bucci","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib35","series-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology [Internet]. Chicago, IL: American College of Rheumatology","article-title":"A-319, a CD3 X CD19 T Cell Engager (TCE), for the treatment of Severe\/Refractory SLE: early evidence of rapid reset of disease-specific autoimmunity","author":"Mei","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01035-3","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01821","article-title":"Targeting B Cell maturation Antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: potential uses of BCMA-based immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.04.006","article-title":"BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling","volume":"18","author":"Bossen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"10301","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01338-6","article-title":"Teclistamab, a B-cell maturation antigen \u00d7 CD3 bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MajesTEC-1): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1 study","volume":"398","author":"Usmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34756","article-title":"Detailed overview of incidence and management of cytokine release syndrome observed with teclistamab in the MajesTEC-1 study of patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"129","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0669","article-title":"Effect of postreinduction therapy consolidation with blinatumomab vs chemotherapy on disease-free survival in children, adolescents, and young adults with first relapse of B-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609783","article-title":"Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"376","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.2120","article-title":"Effects of different B-cell-depleting strategies on the lymphatic tissue","volume":"84","author":"Tur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694226000318?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521694226000318?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:46:53Z","timestamp":1781509613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521694226000318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521694226000318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"T-cell engagers in rheumatology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102146","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102146"}}