{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:15:02Z","timestamp":1783167302402,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,15]],"date-time":"2027-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1813017600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":471,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AG082857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AG082857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015629","name":"Jerome L Greene Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AR079588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AR079588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AR081997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AR081997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029250","name":"Donald B. and Dorothy L. Stabler Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AR081997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AR081997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:11:18Z","timestamp":1777893078000},"page":"102147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The management of rheumatic immune related adverse events"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Pankti","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawnie","family":"Braaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib1","unstructured":"Timeline of active immunotherapies."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.04.002","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of toxicity from checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib3","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23177","article-title":"Rheumatic and musculoskeletal immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Cappelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020259","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor-associated scleroderma and scleroderma mimics","volume":"16","author":"Macklin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102595","article-title":"Rheumatic immune-related adverse events associated with cancer immunotherapy: a nationwide multi-center cohort","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-020-00246-z","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated scleroderma-like syndrome: a report of a pembrolizumab-induced \"Eosinophilic Fasciitis-Like\" case and a review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Salamaliki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020252","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Vitzthum von Eckstaedt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006500","article-title":"Chronic immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Barron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216109","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis persists after immunotherapy cessation","volume":"79","author":"Braaten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.08.029","article-title":"Persistent immune-related adverse events after cessation of checkpoint inhibitor therapy: prevalence and impact on patients' health-related quality of life","volume":"176","author":"Schulz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib12","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative review","author":"Georgios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003012","article-title":"Anticitrullinated peptide antibody epitope expansion and the HLA DRB1 'shared epitope' are less common in seropositive checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis than in longstanding rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001370","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor-associated arthritis: a systematic review of case reports and case series","volume":"27","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001874","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myositis: a distinct form of inflammatory myopathy","volume":"28","author":"Saygin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2024.01.002","article-title":"Mimickers of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis","volume":"50","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2022.105457","article-title":"Musculoskeletal immune-related adverse events in 927 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for solid cancer","volume":"90","author":"Melia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jt Bone Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003260","article-title":"Activated osteoarthritis following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment: an observational study","volume":"9","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2024.02.006","article-title":"The need for classification criteria of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis: a scoping review","volume":"50","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152773","article-title":"Two clinical subgroups of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis determined by latent class analysis","volume":"74","author":"Cappelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2024.02.001","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced Polymyalgia Rheumatica","volume":"50","author":"Liew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e697","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00061-X","article-title":"Whole-body MRI in patients with arthralgia or inflammatory arthritis after exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a single-centre prospective imaging study","volume":"7","author":"Harnden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29539-3","article-title":"Distinct molecular and immune hallmarks of inflammatory arthritis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0597-x","article-title":"Recurrent pseudogout after therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a case report with immunoprofiling of synovial fluid at each flare","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e441","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab608","article-title":"Gout presenting as a chronic inflammatory arthritis from immune checkpoint inhibitors: case series","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2024.02.002","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis: current approaches to management","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108497","article-title":"Sicca syndrome following immune checkpoint inhibition","volume":"217","author":"Mavragani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib28","first-page":"114","article-title":"Sicca\/Sjogren's syndrome triggered by PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. Data from the international ImmunoCancer registry (ICIR)","volume":"37","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0823","article-title":"Sicca syndrome associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"24","author":"Warner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae711","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated vasculitis: a heterogeneous condition with possible severe disease course","volume":"64","author":"Chanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152440","article-title":"A scoping review of vasculitis as an immune-related adverse event from checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancer: unraveling the complexities at the intersection of immunology and vascular pathology","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338899","article-title":"Mononeuritis multiplex following immune checkpoint inhibitors in malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"15","author":"Farina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.04.016","article-title":"Renal vasculitis and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"74","author":"Gallan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0508","article-title":"Eosinophilic fasciitis following checkpoint inhibitor therapy: four cases and a review of literature","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0323-0","article-title":"Granulomatous\/sarcoid-like lesions associated with checkpoint inhibitors: a marker of therapy response in a subset of melanoma patients","volume":"6","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006398","article-title":"Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) consensus definitions for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs) terminology","volume":"11","author":"Naidoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002435","article-title":"Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events","volume":"9","author":"Brahmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0057","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines(R) insights: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, version 2.2024","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Interleukin-6 blockade abrogates immunotherapy toxicity and promotes tumor immunity","volume":"40","author":"Hailemichael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"7756","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1162-y","article-title":"Prophylactic TNF blockade uncouples efficacy and toxicity in dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"569","author":"Perez-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5041","article-title":"Association of immune-related adverse event management with survival in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"8","author":"van Not","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000701","article-title":"Treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Jeurling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: ASCO Guideline update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223885","article-title":"Comparative safety and effectiveness of TNF inhibitors, IL6 inhibitors and methotrexate for the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated arthritis","volume":"82","author":"Bass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40726","article-title":"Special article: 2018 American college of rheumatology\/national psoriasis foundation guideline for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e805","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00132-2","article-title":"Arthritis complicating inflammatory bowel disease- the future is now","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41042","article-title":"2019 update of the American college of rheumatology\/spondylitis association of America\/Spondyloarthritis research and treatment network recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"71","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae099","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated polymyalgia rheumatica versus primary polymyalgia rheumatica: comparison of disease characteristics and treatment requirement","volume":"64","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.103011","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related neurotoxicity: incidence and management. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Nielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.100791","article-title":"Neuromuscular and cardiac adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: pooled analysis of individual cases from multiple institutions and literature","volume":"8","author":"Boutros","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132063","article-title":"Management of triple M syndrome: a narrative review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myasthenia gravis, myositis and myocarditis","volume":"17","author":"Furlepa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2024.02.003","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis","volume":"50","author":"Jayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0774-y","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myasthenia gravis: single center experience and systematic review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Safa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004699","article-title":"Reversal of immune-checkpoint inhibitor fulminant myocarditis using personalized-dose-adjusted abatacept and ruxolitinib: proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013757","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: pathophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Palaskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ltac012","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltac012","article-title":"Plasma exchange for severe immune-related adverse events from checkpoint inhibitors: an early window of opportunity?","volume":"2","author":"Katsumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunother Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14000","article-title":"Sicca syndrome associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"28","author":"Harris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030792","article-title":"Oral immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: salivary gland dysfunction and mucosal diseases","volume":"14","author":"Yura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000750","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor-related renal vasculitis and use of rituximab","volume":"8","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.03.015","article-title":"Characteristics and management of sclerosing skin diseases during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: an evidence-based review","volume":"91","author":"Sood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib61","article-title":"Complete reversibility of pembrolizumab-induced eosinophilic fasciitis without corticosteroids: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Bourcier","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2025.05.004","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related eosinophilic fasciitis: 3 case reports with literature review","volume":"46","author":"Biteau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102134","article-title":"Association between immune-related side effects and efficacy and benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Hussaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2024.107790","article-title":"Endocrine immune-related adverse event is a prognostic biomarker independent of lead-time bias","volume":"192","author":"Ishidoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.048","article-title":"Cutaneous immune-related adverse events are associated with longer overall survival in advanced cancer patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors: a multi-institutional cohort study","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae297","article-title":"First cycle toxicity and survival in patients with rare cancers treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"117","author":"Othus","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41068","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer and preexisting autoimmune disease: a nationwide, multicenter cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Tison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.0006","article-title":"Impact of baseline steroids on efficacy of programmed cell Death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"36","author":"Arbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-25-0051","article-title":"Impact of glucocorticoids on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and circulating biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"5","author":"Polyakov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114172","article-title":"Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants for immune-related adverse events and checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness in melanoma","volume":"207","author":"Verheijden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00191","article-title":"Corticosteroids for immune-related adverse events and checkpoint inhibitor efficacy: analysis of six clinical trials","volume":"42","author":"Verheijden","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011545","article-title":"Associations between immune checkpoint inhibitor response, immune-related adverse events, and steroid use in RADIOHEAD: a prospective pan-tumor cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Quandt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5993","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1283","article-title":"Early use of high-dose glucocorticoid for the management of irAE is associated with poorer survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated with Anti-PD-1 monotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40695","article-title":"Survival among veterans receiving steroids for immune-related adverse events after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"6","author":"Van Buren","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-023-02349-3","article-title":"Systematic surveillance of immune-related adverse events in clinical practice and impact of subsequent steroid medication on survival outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Matsukane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114065","article-title":"Impact of immunosuppressive agents on the management of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint blockers","volume":"204","author":"Cariou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007530","article-title":"New perspectives in cancer immunotherapy: targeting IL-6 cytokine family","volume":"11","author":"Soler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00429-2","article-title":"Long-term overall survival with dual CTLA-4 and PD-L1 or PD-1 blockade and biomarker-based subgroup analyses in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Di Federico","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910231","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"381","author":"Hellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.13074","article-title":"Cutaneous melanoma: a review","author":"Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2187","article-title":"Five-year survival and correlates among patients with advanced melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab","volume":"5","author":"Topalian","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407417","article-title":"Final, 10-Year outcomes with Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"392","author":"Wolchok","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00174","article-title":"Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score >\/= 50","volume":"39","author":"Reck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz167","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced lung cancer and oncogenic driver alterations: results from the IMMUNOTARGET registry","volume":"30","author":"Mazieres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30700-9","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Hodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286","article-title":"Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Khoja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"10459","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01756-2","article-title":"Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-671): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"404","author":"Spicer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02747","article-title":"Phase III KEYNOTE-789 Study of pemetrexed and platinum with or without pembrolizumab for tyrosine kinase inhibitor\u2012Resistant, EGFR-Mutant, metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00241-2","article-title":"Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with either treatment-naive or previously treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (study 111\/KEYNOTE-146): a phase 1b\/2 study","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035807","article-title":"Enfortumab vedotin in previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma","volume":"384","author":"Powles","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00404-2","article-title":"Management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated toxicities in older adults with cancer: recommendations from the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG)","volume":"26","author":"Eochagain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.03.199","article-title":"Immunotherapy use outside clinical trial populations: never say never?","volume":"32","author":"Rzeniewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.19274","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and survival disparities by health insurance coverage among patients with metastatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2261264","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of combination versus monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with preexisting autoimmune diseases","volume":"12","author":"Reid","year":"2023","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00841-0","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitor use in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Tison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147_bib92","article-title":"Risk factors for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152169422600032X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152169422600032X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:15:06Z","timestamp":1783163706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S152169422600032X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S152169422600032X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The management of rheumatic immune related adverse events","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2026.102147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102147"}}