{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:45:02Z","timestamp":1786985102165,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000194","name":"Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavior Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T11:00:04Z","timestamp":1561374004000},"page":"223-237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Irritability and Limited Prosocial Emotions\/Callous-Unemotional Traits in Elementary-School-Age Children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Waschbusch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Baweja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara E.","family":"Babinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Waxmonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0005","series-title":"Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0015","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02579.x","article-title":"Irritable oppositional defiance and callous unemotional traits: Is the association partially explained by peer victimization?","volume":"53","author":"Barker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/10634266020100040501","article-title":"Relationships between problem behaviors and academic achievement in adolescents: The unique role of attention problems","volume":"10","author":"Barriga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/1131442","article-title":"Characteristics of aggressive-rejected, aggressive (nonrejected), and rejected (nonaggressive) boys","volume":"64","author":"Bierman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1744","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0155","article-title":"Traits of empathy and anger: Implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression","volume":"373","author":"Blair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-044941","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Brotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16070839","article-title":"Irritability in youths: A translational model","volume":"174","author":"Brotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037898","article-title":"Identifying the irritability dimension of ODD: Application of a modified bifactor model across five large community samples of children","volume":"123","author":"Burke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0055","first-page":"484","article-title":"Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder as predictors of depression and conduct disorder in preadolescent girls","volume":"49","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12150","article-title":"Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men","volume":"55","author":"Burke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1144190","article-title":"Interpersonal callousness from childhood to adolescence: Developmental trajectories and early risk factors","volume":"47","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9384-z","article-title":"The association between callous-unemotional traits and behavioral and academic adjustment in children: Further validation of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits","volume":"36","author":"Ciucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"Supp1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S242","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1253016","article-title":"Positive parenting and callous-unemotional traits: Their association with school behavior problems in young children","volume":"47","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13091213","article-title":"Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder","volume":"171","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.10.007","article-title":"Irritability and severity of anxious symptomatology among youth with anxiety disorders","volume":"55","author":"Cornacchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0090","article-title":"Profiles of primary and secondary callous-unemotional features in youth: The role of emotion regulation","author":"Craig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875","article-title":"Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0535-1","article-title":"Effects of callous-unemotional traits on the association between parenting and child conduct problems","volume":"46","author":"Crum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13023","article-title":"Can reciprocated parent\u2013child eye gaze and emotional engagement enhance treatment for children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: A proof-of-concept trial","volume":"60","author":"Dadds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000475","article-title":"Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous-unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children","volume":"30","author":"Dadds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.006","article-title":"Treatment of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and irritability: Results from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA)","volume":"54","author":"de la Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146","article-title":"Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children\u2019s peer groups","volume":"53","author":"Dodge","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.1.37","article-title":"Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth","volume":"106","author":"Dodge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.11.008","article-title":"Is juvenile psychopathy associated with low anxiety and fear in conduct-disordered male offenders?","volume":"21","author":"Dolan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.01.004","article-title":"Irritability in child and adolescent psychopathology: An integrative review for ICD-11","volume":"53","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-015-9163-y","article-title":"Teacher-reported irritable and defiant dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder: Social, behavioral, and academic correlates","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2016","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_3","article-title":"A practical impairment measure: Psychometric properties of the Impairment Rating Scale in samples of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples","volume":"35","author":"Fabiano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9726-z","article-title":"Individual, social, and behavioral factors associated with co-occurring conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits","volume":"41","author":"Fanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000143","article-title":"Stability and change in callous-unemotional traits: Longitudinal associations with potential individual and contextual risk and protective factors","volume":"87","author":"Fanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12899","article-title":"Practitioner review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014implications for clinical recognition and intervention","volume":"60","author":"Faraone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809332706","article-title":"Proactive and reactive aggression in a child psychiatric inpatient population","volume":"36","author":"Fite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106000","article-title":"Inverted social reward: Associations between psychopathic traits and self-report and experimental measures of social reward","volume":"9","author":"Foulkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0175","series-title":"Alabama Parenting Questionnaire","author":"Frick","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023899703866","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency","volume":"31","author":"Frick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0185","series-title":"Antisocial process screening device: Technical manual","author":"Frick","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021928018403","article-title":"The association between anxiety and psychopathy dimensions in children","volume":"27","author":"Frick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0195","series-title":"A proposal to the DSM-V childhood disorders and the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of callous-unemotional traits","author":"Frick","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review","volume":"140","author":"Frick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0330-5","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits are uniquely associated with poorer peer functioning in school-aged children","volume":"46","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"October","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2014.06.002","article-title":"Disruptive behaviour disorders and DSM-5","volume":"11","author":"Hawes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.02.005","article-title":"The social dynamics of boys with callous and unemotional traits: Uncooperative and proud of it","volume":"79","author":"Hawes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0027-6","article-title":"Aggression in children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: Social information processing and response to provocation","volume":"43","author":"Helseth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005183115230","article-title":"Family process and treatment outcome in the MTA: Negative\/ineffective parenting practices in relation to multimodal treatment","volume":"28","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0349-2","article-title":"The influence of conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits on academic development among youth","volume":"45","author":"Horan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","article-title":"Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.814539","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits and anxiety in a community sample of 7-year-olds","volume":"43","author":"Humayun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0498-3","article-title":"Anger, sympathy, and children\u2019s reactive and proactive aggression: Testing a differential correlate hypothesis","volume":"47","author":"Jambon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-0075-5","article-title":"Factor validity of a proactive and reactive aggression rating scale","volume":"24","author":"Kaat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0179-z","article-title":"The moderating role of anxiety in the associations of callous-unemotional traits with self-report and laboratory measures of affective and cognitive empathy","volume":"45","author":"Kahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020910","article-title":"ODD dimensions, ADHD, and callous-unemotional traits as predictors of treatment response in children with disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"119","author":"Kolko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"4, Pt. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000722","article-title":"The developmental psychopathology of irritability","volume":"25","author":"Leibenluft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153631","article-title":"Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior","volume":"5","author":"Loeber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000237","article-title":"Continuity and discontinuity in disruptive boys\u2019 early fighting at school","volume":"1","author":"Loeber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0280","series-title":"Learning disabilities: Lifelong issues","first-page":"235","article-title":"Academic performance and its relationship to delinquency","author":"Maguin","year":"1996"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9147-y","article-title":"Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls","volume":"35","author":"Marsee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_6","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"McMahon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0295","series-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0300","series-title":"Regression and mediation analysis with Mplus","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0305","series-title":"The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children","author":"NIMH-DISC Editorial Board","year":"1999"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01535.x","article-title":"Temperament, parenting, and depressive symptoms in a population sample of preadolescents","volume":"47","author":"Oldehinkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0315","first-page":"13","article-title":"Trends in antipsychotic drug use by very young, privately insured children","volume":"49","author":"Olfson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0500","article-title":"Treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200303000-00018","article-title":"Callous\/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths","volume":"42","author":"Pardini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0330","series-title":"Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities","first-page":"365","article-title":"Peer relationships in hyperactive children: Description and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Pelham","year":"1982"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_5","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Pelham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199203000-00006","article-title":"Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"31","author":"Pelham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1803_9","article-title":"Normative data on the IOWA Conners Teacher Rating Scale","volume":"18","author":"Pelham","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3421","article-title":"Association of antipsychotic treatment with risk of unexpected death among children and youths","volume":"76","author":"Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2011.06.002","article-title":"Psychopathy, reactive aggression, and precarious proclamations: A review of behavioral, cognitive, and biological research","volume":"16","author":"Reidy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0360","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictive utility of four methods of incorporating parent and teacher symptom ratings of ADHD for longitudinal outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Shemmassian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0365","series-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for Windows (version 25)","author":"SPSS Inc.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","article-title":"Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix","volume":"87","author":"Steiger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0150-4","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents: A challenge for DSM-5","volume":"20","author":"Stringaris","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01989.x","article-title":"Three dimensions of oppositionality in youth","volume":"50","author":"Stringaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x","article-title":"The Affective Reactivity Index: A concise irritability scale for clinical and research settings","volume":"53","author":"Stringaris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0390","series-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnik","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0111","article-title":"Impact of irritability and impulsive aggressive behavior on impairment and social functioning in youth with cyclothymic disorder","volume":"26","author":"Van Meter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.014","article-title":"The status of irritability in psychiatry: A conceptual and quantitative review","volume":"55","author":"Vidal-Ribas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17010045","article-title":"The neurodevelopmentalbasis of early childhood disruptive behavior: Irritable and callous phenotypes as exemplars","volume":"175","author":"Wakschlag","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0410","article-title":"External validation of a bifactor model of oppositional defiant disorder","author":"Waldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.001","article-title":"What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence","volume":"33","author":"Waller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.882","article-title":"Parenting is an environmental predictor of callous-unemotional traits and aggression: A monozygotic twin differences study","volume":"57","author":"Waller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114556101","article-title":"Factor structure and construct validity of the parent-reported inventory of callous-unemotional traits among high-risk 9-year-olds","volume":"22","author":"Waller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0430","first-page":"97","article-title":"Investigation of the heterogeneity of disruptive behaviour in elementary-age children","volume":"36","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20224","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and callous-unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children","volume":"34","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-007-9064-y","article-title":"Parent and teacher ratings on the IOWA Conners Rating Scale","volume":"30","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0445","article-title":"Effects of behavioral treatment modified to fit children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2704_3","article-title":"Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: Comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other measures of functioning","volume":"27","author":"Waschbusch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.011","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of an integrative group therapy for children with severe mood dysregulation","volume":"55","author":"Waxmonsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0460","series-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007_bb0465","series-title":"Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variables with binary and continuous outcomes","author":"Yu","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Behavior Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005789419300772?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005789419300772?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:06:21Z","timestamp":1757754381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005789419300772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0005789419300772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Irritability and Limited Prosocial Emotions\/Callous-Unemotional Traits in Elementary-School-Age Children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavior Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}