{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T05:24:38Z","timestamp":1793337878102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T18:21:30Z","timestamp":1597170090000},"page":"106-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Tcharkhtchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Abbasnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zarbini Seydani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Zirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Farzaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Shirinbayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101376","article-title":"Facemask use for community protection from air pollution disasters: an ethical overview and framework to guide agency decision making","volume":"43","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.07.011","article-title":"Respiratory and facial protection: a critical review of recent literature","volume":"85","author":"Bunyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.024","article-title":"The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115","article-title":"Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter","volume":"115","author":"Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.004","article-title":"Respiratory virus infections: Understanding COVID-19","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib6","series-title":"Efficiency Measurement of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators against Ultrafine Particles under Cyclic and Constant Flows","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.019","article-title":"Novel manufacturing of simple masks in response to international shortages: bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency testing","author":"Bayersdorfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Contr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.04.015","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.100473","article-title":"Engineered nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications: a review","volume":"18","author":"Ogunsona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10473220050075617","article-title":"Electrostatic respirator filter media: filter efficiency and most penetrating particle size effects","volume":"15","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(97)00022-7","article-title":"Collection of three bacterial aerosols by respirator and surgical mask filters under varying conditions of flow and relative humidity","volume":"41","author":"McCullough","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib12","series-title":"Respirator Filter Efficiency Testing against Particulate and Biological Aerosols under Moderate to High Flow Rates","author":"Richardson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.03.030","article-title":"Numerical simulation of virus diffusion in facemask during breathing cycles","volume":"48","author":"Yi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Tran."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105617","article-title":"Fundamental protective mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections","author":"K\u00e4hler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.08.007","article-title":"Enhanced anti-microbial response of commercial face mask using colloidal silver nanoparticles","volume":"156","author":"Hiragond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2019.07.001","article-title":"Copper oxide (CuO) loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes for antimicrobial breath mask applications","volume":"1","author":"Hashmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib17","first-page":"789","article-title":"Simple respiratory protection\u2014evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20\u20131000 nm size particles","volume":"54","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03252","article-title":"Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks","volume":"14","author":"Konda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib20","series-title":"Disposable Masks: Disinfection and Sterilization for Reuse, and Non-certified Manufacturing, in the Face of Shortages during the COVID-19 Pandemic","author":"Rubio-Romero","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111517","article-title":"Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario","author":"Aragaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib22","series-title":"A Reusable Mask for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Luan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.463","article-title":"Impact of structural features on dynamic breathing resistance of healthcare face mask","volume":"689","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003205","article-title":"Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks","volume":"9","author":"Milton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991658","article-title":"Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1086\/600041","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of surgical and N95 masks to filter influenza virus in patients with acute influenza infection","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.08.018","article-title":"Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks?","volume":"34","author":"Ba\u0142azy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib28","series-title":"Face Mask Safety Shield","author":"Batty","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.06.003","article-title":"Regulatory and safety considerations in deploying a locally fabricated, reusable, face shield in a hospital responding to the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Mostaghimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib30","series-title":"Reusability of Facemasks during an Influenza Pandemic","author":"Bailar","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119891010389","article-title":"Performance of N95 respirators: filtration efficiency for airborne microbial and inert particles","volume":"59","author":"Qian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)80033-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis control through respirator wear: perforance of national Institute for occupational safety and health-regulated respirators","volume":"26","author":"Willeke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib33","first-page":"131","article-title":"Particulate respiratory protection\u2014Overview, emerging issues and research needs","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protect. Dev.: Types, Uses Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.004","article-title":"Decontamination and reuse of N95 filtering facemask respirators: a systematic review of the literature","author":"Rodriguez-Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Contr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.03.103","article-title":"Assessment of a respiratory face mask for capturing air pollutants and pathogens including human influenza and rhinoviruses","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.08.027","article-title":"Physiologic and fit factor profiles of N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators for use in hot, humid environments","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Contr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2013.818228","article-title":"Viable viral efficiency of N95 and P100 respirator filters at constant and cyclic flow","volume":"10","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib38","series-title":"Conversion of self-contained breathing apparatus mask to open source powered air-purifying particulate respirator for fire fighter COVID-19 response","author":"Pearce","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib39","series-title":"Self-contained Breathing Apparatus","author":"Meyer","year":"1987"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600667451","article-title":"Effects of the self-contained breathing apparatus and fire protective clothing on maximal oxygen uptake","volume":"49","author":"Dreger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib41","series-title":"Full Face Respirator Mask","author":"Ungar","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib42","article-title":"Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks","author":"Konda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20395","article-title":"In vivo protective performance of N95 respirator and surgical facemask","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12381","article-title":"Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evid. Base Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1021\/la961010+","article-title":"Filtration of nanoparticles with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide treated microporous polypropylene filters","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib46","series-title":"Filtration Mask","author":"Mayhew","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib47","series-title":"Medical and Healthcare Textiles","first-page":"93","article-title":"Investigation of the filtration properties of medical masks","author":"Akalin","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500205","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficiency of medical masks and the creation of new medical masks","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(67)90168-7","article-title":"A study of disposable surgical masks","volume":"114","author":"Madsen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib50","first-page":"771","article-title":"Respiratory source control using surgical masks with nanofiber media","volume":"58","author":"Skaria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00579","article-title":"Thermal management in nanofiber-based face mask","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8070461","article-title":"Preparation and in-vitro assessment of hierarchal organized antibacterial breath mask based on polyacrylonitrile\/silver (PAN\/AgNPs) nanofiber","volume":"8","author":"Kharaghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.07.021","article-title":"Electret nanofibrous membrane with enhanced filtration performance and wearing comfortability for face mask","volume":"530","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c01562","article-title":"Reusability comparison of melt-blown vs. Nanofiber face mask filters for use in the coronavirus pandemic","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11020347","article-title":"3D-printable PP\/SEBS thermoplastic elastomeric blends: preparation and properties","volume":"11","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.04.002","article-title":"Applications of 3D printing technology to address COVID-19 related supply shortages","author":"Ishack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.03.015","article-title":"Custom-made 3D-printed face masks in case of pandemic crisis situations with a lack of commercially available FFP2\/3 masks","author":"Swennen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1411598","article-title":"Customized design and 3D printing of face seal for an N95 filtering facepiece respirator","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib59","series-title":"Rapid Prototyping of Reusable 3D-Printed N95 Equivalent Respirators at the","author":"Provenzano","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib60","series-title":"Adapting Re\u2010useable Elastomeric Respirators to Utilise Anaesthesia Circuit Filters Using a 3D\u2010printed Adaptor\u2010a Potential Alternative to Address N95 Shortages during the COVID\u201019 Pandemic","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1237029","article-title":"Quantification of leakage of sub-micron aerosols through surgical masks and facemasks for pediatric use","volume":"14","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib62","series-title":"Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles","author":"Hinds","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib63","first-page":"73","article-title":"Principles of physiology and respirator performance","volume":"72","author":"Janssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Health Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib64","series-title":"Air Filtration: an Integrated Approach to the Theory and Applications of Fibrous Filters","author":"Brown","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1980.10464592","article-title":"On the minimum efficiency and the most penetrating particle size for fibrous filters","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.043","article-title":"Preliminary findings of control of dispersion of aerosols and droplets during high velocity nasal insufflation therapy using a simple surgical mask: Implications for high flow nasal cannula","author":"Leonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1109\/28.6128","article-title":"The effect of particle charge on penetration in an electret filter","volume":"24","author":"Fjeld","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib68","series-title":"2017 5th International Conference on Control","first-page":"126","article-title":"An experimental study of modeling and self-tuning regulator design for an electro-hydro servo-system","author":"Moradmand","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib69","series-title":"Ultrafine Particles Occup Environ Med","first-page":"211","volume":"vol. 58","author":"Donaldson","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.11.002","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with three forms of ultrafine-TiO2 particles: differential responses related to surface properties","volume":"230","author":"Warheit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2007.09.003","article-title":"Filtration of nanosized particles with different shape on oil coated fibres","volume":"38","author":"Boskovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(71)90302-X","article-title":"The capture of aerosol particles by surfaces","volume":"37","author":"Dahneke","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802558196","article-title":"N95 and P100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow","volume":"6","author":"Eshbaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(91)90091-U","article-title":"Filtration efficiency of nanometer-size aerosol particles","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-005-9017-x","article-title":"Filtration efficiency of a fibrous filter for nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500444846","article-title":"Comment on: penetration of ultrafine particles and ion clusters through wire screens by Ichitsubo et al","volume":"40","author":"Heim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.07.001","article-title":"Health effects related to nanoparticle exposures: environmental, health and safety considerations for assessing hazards and risks","volume":"120","author":"Warheit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119691014882","article-title":"Penetration of airborne microorganisms through a surgical mask and a dust\/mist respirator","volume":"57","author":"Willeke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1252\/jcej.23.568","article-title":"Development of a method for testing very high-efficiency membrane filters for ultrafine aerosol particles","volume":"23","author":"Kousaka","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Jpn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib80","series-title":"Breathing Simulator of Workers for Respirator Performance Test","author":"Yuasa","year":"2014"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8153","DOI":"10.1021\/la000770o","article-title":"Investigation of humidity-dependent capillary force","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2015.02.001","article-title":"The effect of capillary force on airborne nanoparticle filtration","volume":"83","author":"Givehchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib83","first-page":"808","article-title":"Thermal burden of N95 filtering facepiece respirators","volume":"56","author":"Roberge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib84","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of physical characteristics and particulate filtration efficiency of surgical masks used in Iran's hospitals","volume":"7","author":"Shokri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.07.0179","article-title":"Factors affecting filter penetration and quality factor of particulate respirators","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib86","series-title":"Filtration Efficiency of Surgical Masks","author":"Sanchez","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib87","first-page":"493","article-title":"Simulation and evaluation of respirator faceseal leaks using computational fluid dynamics and infrared imaging","volume":"57","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib88","series-title":"Turbulent Flows","author":"Pope","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2010.847-861","article-title":"Contact pressure study of N95 filtering face-piece respirators using finite element method","volume":"7","author":"Lei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Des. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1116697","article-title":"Investigation of the flow-field in the upper respiratory system when wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirator","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(03)00132-3","article-title":"The effect of the flow field recalculation on fibrous filter loading: a numerical simulation","volume":"137","author":"Karadimos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib92","series-title":"Air Filtration","author":"Davies","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib93","series-title":"The Behaviour of Electrically Active and Prefilter Fibrous Filters under Solid Aerosol Load","author":"Walsh","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib94","unstructured":"Y. Rao et al., \"Investigation of water vapor condensation on the inner surface of N95 filtering facepiece\"."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159848","article-title":"An improved FFR design with a ventilation fan: CFD simulation and validation","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X20301481?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X20301481?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:49:22Z","timestamp":1762530562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452199X20301481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2452199X20301481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-199X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-199X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioactive Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}