{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:02:30Z","timestamp":1793066550890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013290","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB3814700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3814700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L232018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L232018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L234062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L234062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L256033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L256033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7232213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52401310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52401310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T09:27:56Z","timestamp":1764149276000},"page":"676-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Magnesium ion implantation enhances the osseointegration and vascularization of 3D-Printed CoCrMo alloy scaffolds for load-bearing orthopedic applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ti","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongbin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7139-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07347-6","article-title":"The global burden of osteoarthritis knee: a secondary data analysis of a population-based study","volume":"44","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies","volume":"29-30","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.01054","article-title":"What's new in adult reconstructive knee surgery","volume":"106","author":"Villa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678687","article-title":"Cementless versus cemented fixation in total knee arthroplasty","volume":"32","author":"Papas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.02.078","article-title":"Cementless total knee arthroplasty: a resurgence-who, when, where, and how?","volume":"39","author":"Mosher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib6","first-page":"CD006193","article-title":"Cemented, cementless or hybrid fixation options in total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis and other non-traumatic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Nakama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15103622","article-title":"A review on biomaterials for orthopaedic surgery and traumatology: from past to present","volume":"15","author":"Szcz\u0119sny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012","article-title":"Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: a review","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03492-9","article-title":"Additively manufactured controlled porous orthopedic joint replacement designs to reduce bone stress shielding: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Safavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34122","article-title":"Orthopedic implant cobalt-alloy particles produce greater toxicity and inflammatory cytokines than titanium alloy and zirconium alloy-based particles in vitro, in human osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages","volume":"100","author":"Dalal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35431","article-title":"A review on manufacturing processes of cobalt-chromium alloy implants and its impact on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility","volume":"112","author":"Mani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020751","article-title":"Effect of porosity and heat treatment on mechanical properties of additive manufactured CoCrMo alloys","volume":"16","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14010057","article-title":"A review of research progress in selective laser melting (SLM)","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.069","article-title":"Effect of pore size on bone ingrowth into porous titanium implants fabricated by additive manufacturing: an in vivo experiment","volume":"59","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-08248-y","article-title":"Research progress on mechanical properties of 3D printed biomedical titanium alloys","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib16","article-title":"3D printed titanium scaffolds with homogeneous diamond-like structures mimicking that of the osteocyte microenvironment and its bone regeneration study","volume":"13","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00293-3","article-title":"The triply periodic minimal surface-based 3D printed engineering scaffold for meniscus function reconstruction","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2025.110124","article-title":"Voronoi as the optimal approach for strut-based bone scaffold design","volume":"295","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.01.004","article-title":"Design of a Haversian system-like gradient porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surfaces for promoting bone regeneration","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11070791","article-title":"Recent developments in coatings for orthopedic metallic implants","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.052","article-title":"Osteogenic potential of the growth factors and bioactive molecules in bone regeneration","volume":"175","author":"Safari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58873","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c13963","article-title":"Spatiotemporal modulated scaffold for endogenous bone regeneration via harnessing sequentially released guiding signals","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB01209H","article-title":"Manipulation of cell adhesion and dynamics using RGD functionalized polymers","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02798","article-title":"A biodegradable Mg-based alloy inhibited the inflammatory response of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages through the TRPM7-PI3K-AKT1 signaling axis","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.10.014","article-title":"Inflammatory response to magnesium-based biodegradable implant materials","volume":"101","author":"Costantino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060326","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo applications of magnesium-enriched biomaterials for vascularized osteogenesis in bone tissue engineering: a review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib27","first-page":"399","article-title":"A biomimetic piezoelectric scaffold with sustained Mg2+ release promotes neurogenic and angiogenic differentiation for enhanced bone regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib28","first-page":"680","article-title":"Biofunctional magnesium coated Ti6Al4V scaffold enhances osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo for orthopedic application","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102366","article-title":"Biodegradable and electroactive cryogel microspheres for neurovascularized bone regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108259","article-title":"Mg bone implant: features, developments and perspectives","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11998-022-00716-9","article-title":"Surface modification techniques of magnesium-based alloys for implant applications","volume":"20","author":"Mahto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Coating Technol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.02.211","article-title":"The effect of two-step surface modification for Ti-Ta-Mo-Zr alloys on bone regeneration: an evaluation using calvarial defect on rat model","volume":"442","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib33","article-title":"Advances in surface modification of tantalum and porous tantalum for rapid osseointegration: a thematic review","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.08.049","article-title":"Surface modification of stainless steel for biomedical applications: revisiting a century-old material","volume":"93","author":"Bekmurzayeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2025.119391","article-title":"Surface composition, adhesion strength and biocompatibility activity of CoCrMo-Hydroxyapatite composite","volume":"370","author":"Che Lah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47658","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c04305","article-title":"Surface nanostructures enhanced biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of laser-additively manufactured CoCrMo alloys","volume":"8","author":"Man","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.039","article-title":"Modification of metals by plasma immersion ion implantation","volume":"365","author":"M\u00e4ndl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.05.026","article-title":"Wear of UHMWPE against nitrogen-ion-implanted and NbN-coated Co-Cr-Mo alloy formed by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition for artificial joints","volume":"258","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2007.01.014","article-title":"The effect of ion implantation on the wear of Co-Cr-Mo alloy","volume":"81","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04390-4","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of magnesium oxide coating on micro-arc oxidized titanium for antibacterial activity and biocompatibility","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-014-0091-6","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of cobalt and nickel ions on osteocytes in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Kanaji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib42","article-title":"Cobalt content modulates characteristics and osteogenic properties of cobalt-containing hydroxyapatite in in-vitro milieu","volume":"27","author":"Kahaie Khosrowshahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7776","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247776","article-title":"Biocompatibility and degradation behavior of molybdenum in an in vivo rat model","volume":"14","author":"Schauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib44","first-page":"613","article-title":"Adaptive hydrogel loaded with pre-coordinated stem cells for enhanced osteoarthritis therapy","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.12095","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of risk factors for aseptic loosening in cemented total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.32707","article-title":"Surface modification of magnesium alloys developed for bioabsorbable orthopedic implants: a general review","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113339","article-title":"Surface modification techniques of titanium and titanium alloys for biomedical orthopaedics applications: a review","volume":"227","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S459255","article-title":"Prosthetic metals: release, metabolism and toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib49","first-page":"312","article-title":"Additively manufactured calcium phosphate reinforced CoCrMo alloy: bio-tribological and biocompatibility evaluation for load-bearing implants","volume":"28","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib50","first-page":"6","article-title":"Osseointegration enhancement by Zr doping of Co-Cr-Mo implants fabricated by electron beam melting","volume":"6","author":"Stenlund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104262","article-title":"Osseointegration of additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys, with and without surface functionalization with hydroxyapatite and type I collagen","volume":"115","author":"Brogini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.05.079","article-title":"Analysis of factors influencing bone ingrowth into three-dimensional printed porous metal scaffolds: a review","volume":"717","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib53","article-title":"Construction and osteogenic effects of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy loaded with VEGF\/BMP-2 shell-core microspheres in a sustained-release system","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.048","article-title":"Surface modification of titanium implants with Mg-containing coatings to promote osseointegration","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00781","article-title":"Enhancing corrosion resistance, osteoinduction, and antibacterial properties by Zn\/Sr additional surface modification of magnesium alloy","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib56","first-page":"224","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib57","article-title":"Novel bio-functional magnesium coating on porous Ti6Al4V orthopaedic implants: in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib58","article-title":"A review on magnesium alloys for biomedical applications","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15030256","article-title":"Advances in magnesium-based biomaterials: strategies for enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical performance, and biocompatibility","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03222-3","article-title":"3D printed porous magnesium metal scaffolds with bioactive coating for bone defect repair: enhancing angiogenesis and osteogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib61","article-title":"Latest advances: improving the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of PEEK materials","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0933-0","article-title":"Porous implants modulate healing and induce shifts in local macrophage polarization in the foreign body reaction","volume":"42","author":"Sussman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaa010","article-title":"In vitro immunomodulation of magnesium on monocytic cell toward anti-inflammatory macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk6084","article-title":"Engineered MgO nanoparticles for cartilage-bone synergistic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.067","article-title":"Multifunctions of dual Zn\/Mg ion co-implanted titanium on osteogenesis, angiogenesis and bacteria inhibition for dental implants","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.021","article-title":"Osteogenesis and angiogenesis induced by porous \u03b2-CaSiO(3)\/PDLGA composite scaffold via activation of AMPK\/ERK1\/2 and PI3K\/Akt pathways","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib67","article-title":"Magnesium ions induce endothelial cell differentiation into tip cell and enhance vascularized bone regeneration","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib68","article-title":"Ion\u2010engineered microcryogels via osteogenesis\u2010angiogenesis coupling and inflammation reversing augment vascularized bone regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib69","first-page":"16","article-title":"Magnesium surface-activated 3D printed porous PEEK scaffolds for in vivo osseointegration by promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib70","first-page":"427","article-title":"Magnesium doping on TiN coatings affects mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and proliferation positively in a dose-dependent manner","volume":"29","author":"Onder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02183-y","article-title":"Insights into the role of magnesium ions in affecting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"199","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."}],"container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X2500533X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X2500533X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T15:32:40Z","timestamp":1773847960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452199X2500533X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S2452199X2500533X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-199X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-199X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Magnesium ion implantation enhances the osseointegration and vascularization of 3D-Printed CoCrMo alloy scaffolds for load-bearing orthopedic applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioactive Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.11.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}