{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:15:18Z","timestamp":1788081318049,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZD01904000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD01904000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82341037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:07:48Z","timestamp":1785812868000},"page":"80-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Benzothiazole derivatives target oligoadenylate synthetase and enhance RSV vaccine efficacy as adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Xuanli","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunzhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiying","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-021-2011-7","article-title":"Fabrication of subunit nanovaccines by physical interaction","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.4c00568","article-title":"Precision nanovaccines for potent vaccination","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120674","article-title":"Engineered therapeutic nanovaccine against chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"269","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib5","first-page":"128","article-title":"A Kinase-cGAS Cascade to synthesize a therapeutic STING activator","volume":"606","author":"McIntosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00675-9","article-title":"Prolonged activation of innate immune pathways by a polyvalent STING agonist","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0244-x","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS\u2013STING signalling","volume":"21","author":"Hopfner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.03.001","article-title":"Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe2550","article-title":"OAS\/RNase L executes RIG-I ligand-dependent tumor cell apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Boehmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3719","article-title":"OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids","volume":"14","author":"Hornung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06042","article-title":"Small Self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity","volume":"448","author":"Malathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23568","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.554147","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3-inducible protein (IFI) 16 transcriptionally regulates type I interferons and other interferon-stimulated genes and controls the interferon response to both DNA and RNA viruses","volume":"289","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.03.007","article-title":"2-5A is an immunotransmitter that fuels RNase L immunity","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300026","article-title":"A small molecule RIG-I agonist serves to adjuvant broad multifaceted influenza virus vaccine immunity","volume":"210","author":"Hemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v12i4-S.5549","article-title":"A review on emerging benzothiazoles: biological aspects","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2022.2026327","article-title":"Current trends of benzothiazoles in drug discovery: a patent review (2015-2020)","volume":"32","author":"Law","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106175","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, in-silico, and pharmacological evaluation of new 2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole derivatives","volume":"130","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.58.3s.74","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological activities of benzothiazole derivatives","volume":"58","author":"Nishad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204677","article-title":"Importance of fluorine in benzazole compounds","volume":"25","author":"Al-Harthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301891t","article-title":"Discovery of new benzothiazole-based inhibitors of breakpoint cluster region-Abelson Kinase including the T315I mutant","volume":"56","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202400259","article-title":"Benzothiazole derivatives in the design of antitumor agents","volume":"357","author":"Paoletti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry7040118","article-title":"Benzothiazole-based therapeutics: FDA insights and clinical advances","volume":"7","author":"Cheekatla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.11.001","article-title":"Nucleic acid immunity","volume":"133","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6098","article-title":"An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor activity","volume":"369","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01567","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of amidobenzimidazole derivatives as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor agonists","volume":"63","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7194","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c09619","article-title":"Nanovaccines fostering tertiary lymphoid structure to attack mimicry nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00668","article-title":"Subunit nanovaccine with potent cellular and mucosal immunity for COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.12.042","article-title":"Carrier-free subunit nanovaccine amplifies immune responses against tumors and viral infections","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2314","article-title":"Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors","volume":"8","author":"Sadler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.70053","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants in the immunocompromised host: science, safety, and efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Hayek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2023.0362","article-title":"IFI16 positively regulates RIG-I-Mediated type I interferon production in a STING-independent manner","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00907-x","article-title":"IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01368-10","article-title":"DDX60, a DEXD\/H box helicase, is a novel antiviral factor promoting RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"31","author":"Miyashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01405-9","article-title":"Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp2362","article-title":"Mutating a flexible region of the RSV F protein can stabilize the prefusion conformation","volume":"385","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1329","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic uses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"4","author":"Klinman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112695","article-title":"STING agonists as cancer therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Amouzegar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.03.029","article-title":"The mechanism of STING autoinhibition and activation","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0908-x","article-title":"CasX enzymes comprise a distinct family of RNA-guided genome editors","volume":"566","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.019","article-title":"Influence of Poly(I:C) variability on thermoregulation, immune responses and pregnancy outcomes in mouse models of maternal immune activation","volume":"80","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib45","article-title":"A nanoparticle platform for improved potency, stability, and adjuvanticity of Poly(I:C)","volume":"3","author":"Gale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.601625","article-title":"Transfected Poly(I:C) activates different dsRNA receptors, leading to apoptosis or immunoadjuvant response in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells","volume":"290","author":"Palchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01703-09","article-title":"Lambda interferon is the predominant interferon induced by influenza A virus infection in vivo","volume":"84","author":"Jewell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413397","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like receptors (RLRs) in innate immunity: tlrs, NLRs, and RLRs ligands as immunotherapeutic agents for hematopoietic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Wicherska-Pawlowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0120","article-title":"New insights into the role of RNase L in innate immunity","volume":"31","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815071116","article-title":"OAS-RNase L innate immune pathway mediates the cytotoxicity of a DNA-demethylating drug","volume":"116","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."}],"container-title":["Bioactive Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X26004469?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452199X26004469?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T08:53:39Z","timestamp":1788080019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452199X26004469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S2452199X26004469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-199X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-199X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Benzothiazole derivatives target oligoadenylate synthetase and enhance RSV vaccine efficacy as adjuvants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioactive Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2026.07.049","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}