{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:09:11Z","timestamp":1772957351081,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2422\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2422\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008121","name":"Israel Ministry of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["014535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["014535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["948102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["948102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomaterials Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T07:57:36Z","timestamp":1769500656000},"page":"214736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biocompatibility and degradation of PLA reinforced with tungsten disulfide nanotubes for 3D-printed bone scaffold"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Ofek","family":"Golan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Granada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lemesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Azoulay-Ginsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Netti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vania","family":"Altobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roey J.","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihi","family":"Adler-Abramovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Lachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199903000-00010","article-title":"Bone repair techniques, bone graft, and bone graft substitutes","volume":"360","author":"Perry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.05.010","article-title":"In vivo experimental study on bone regeneration in critical bone defects using an injectable biodegradable PLA\/PGA copolymer","volume":"99","author":"Rimondini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9127","article-title":"Scaffold design for bone regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Polo-Corrales","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110066","article-title":"Degradation mechanisms and acceleration strategies of poly (lactic acid) scaffold for bone regeneration","volume":"210","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4015\/S101623720500024X","article-title":"The hip stress level analysis for human routine activities","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. - Appl. Basis Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.08.015","article-title":"Stem cells and biomimetic materials strategies for tissue engineering","volume":"28","author":"Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-019-00125-z","article-title":"Bone tissue regeneration: biology, strategies and interface studies","volume":"8","author":"Ansari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing","volume":"42","author":"Marsell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review","volume":"27","author":"Staiger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.01.048","article-title":"A study on alkaline heat treated Mg-Ca alloy for the control of the biocorrosion rate","volume":"5","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0055","article-title":"Application of bone substitutes and its future prospective in regenerative medicine","author":"Ranjan-Dahiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Tissue Reconstr. Regen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-014-1565-8","article-title":"Mechanical properties of artificial materials for bone repair","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0065","series-title":"Biomed. Appl. Toxic. Nanomater","first-page":"535","article-title":"Scaffold materials and toxicity","author":"Mohanan","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.11.018","article-title":"Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response","volume":"161","author":"Jaidev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/21983","article-title":"Cell responses to surface and architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regen. Med. Tissue Eng. - Cells Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.04.015","article-title":"Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials for orthopaedic regenerative engineering","volume":"107","author":"Narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0085","series-title":"Biodegrad. Poly(Lactic Acid) Synth. Modif. Process. Appl","first-page":"240","article-title":"Application in the field of biomedical materials","author":"Ren","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0090","series-title":"Plastics Used in Medical Devices","author":"McKeen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications \u2014 a comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0100","series-title":"Overview of poly(lactic acid)","author":"Sin","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0105","first-page":"527","article-title":"Polylactic acid technology","volume":"48674","author":"Henton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Fibers. Biopolym. Biocomposites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0110","series-title":"Biomed. Sci. Eng. Technol","first-page":"247","article-title":"Poly(lactic acid)-based biomaterials: synthesis, modification and applications","author":"Xiao","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194117","article-title":"3D-printed PLA medical devices: physicochemical changes and biological response after sterilisation treatments","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9rez-Davila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.00092","article-title":"Structural evaluation of PLA scaffolds obtained by 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for applications in tissue engineering","volume":"4","author":"Marianna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2008.05.014","article-title":"Analysis for biodegradable polymeric scaffold of tissue engineering on precision injection molding","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2020-0046","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties","volume":"20","author":"Donate","year":"2020","journal-title":"E-Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.041","article-title":"High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology","volume":"9","author":"Serra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of different solvents in solvent casting of porous caffolds \u2013 in biomedical and tissue engineering applications","volume":"06","author":"Choudhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Tissue Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.03.012","article-title":"Biocompatibility and safety of PLA and its copolymers","volume":"107","author":"Ramot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.01.010","article-title":"Biocompatibility, biodegradation and excretion of polylactic acid (PLA) in medical implants and theranostic systems","volume":"340","author":"daSilva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108238","article-title":"Current applications of poly(lactic acid) composites in tissue engineering and drug delivery","volume":"199","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.018","article-title":"Polylactic acid (PLA) controlled delivery carriers for biomedical applications","volume":"107","author":"Tyler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200850520","article-title":"Thermal degradation of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone), poly(L-lactic acid) and their blends with poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) studied by TGA\/FT-IR spectroscopy","volume":"265","author":"Vogel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.03.010","article-title":"Poly(lactic acid)\u2014mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life","volume":"107","author":"Castro-Aguirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0175","article-title":"Towards controlled degradation of poly(lactic) acid in technical applications","volume":"7","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25511","article-title":"A review on degradation mechanisms of polylactic acid: hydrolytic, photodegradative, microbial, and enzymatic degradation","volume":"60","author":"Zaaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1455-8","article-title":"An overview of mechanical properties and material modeling of polylactide (PLA) for medical applications","volume":"44","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1021\/bm070313n","article-title":"Kinetics and time-temperature equivalence of polymer degradation","volume":"8","author":"Lyu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0195","first-page":"177","article-title":"Understanding the enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers and strategies to control their degradation rate","author":"Azevedo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biodegrad. Syst. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400043","article-title":"An overview of polylactides as packaging materials","volume":"4","author":"Auras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90271-2","article-title":"Biodegradation of PLA\/GA polymers: increasing complexity","volume":"15","author":"Vert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.12.006","article-title":"Mechanical study of PLA-PCL fibers during in vitro degradation","volume":"4","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9151","DOI":"10.1021\/ma049056u","article-title":"Modification of poly(lactic acid) films: enhanced wettability from surface-confined photografting and increased degradation rate due to an artifact of the photografting process","volume":"37","author":"Janorkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2016_12","article-title":"Hydrolysis and biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)","volume":"279","author":"Gorrasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.12.009","article-title":"Effects of molecular weight and small amounts of D-lactide units on hydrolytic degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)s","volume":"91","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.001","article-title":"In vitro degradation kinetics of pure PLA and Mg\/PLA composite: effects of immersion temperature and compression stress","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbx009","article-title":"The effect of mechanical loads on the degradation of aliphatic biodegradable polyesters","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(93)90001-N","article-title":"The effect of applied strain on the degradation of absorbable suture in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Zhong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00646-7","article-title":"New insights into the hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid): participation of the alcohol terminus","volume":"42","author":"De Jong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.143","article-title":"Hydrolytic degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites","volume":"79","author":"Elsawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048609031574","article-title":"Mechanism of hydrolytic degradation of poly(L-lactide) microcapsules: effects of pH, ionic strength and buffer concentration","volume":"3","author":"Makino","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(79)90009-0","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery-polyglycolic\/poly(actic acid) homo- and copolymers: 1","volume":"20","author":"Gilding","year":"1979","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1997.3.345","article-title":"Elevated temperature degradation of a 50:50 copolymer of PLA-PGA","volume":"3","author":"Agrawal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0270","article-title":"Mechanical performance of 3D printed polylactide during degradation","volume":"38","author":"Moetazedian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40898-020-00009-x","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes and their polymeric composites: the applications in tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomanuf. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.081","article-title":"Development of 3D PCL microsphere\/TiO2 nanotube composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"70","author":"Khoshroo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0285","series-title":"Bio-based polymers and nanocomposites: preparation, processing, properties & performance","author":"Sanyang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.026","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid)\/TiO2 nanoparticle nanocomposite films with high transparency and efficient photodegradability","volume":"92","author":"Nakayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2018.02.004","article-title":"Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)\/TiO2 nanotube bioactive composite as a novel scaffold for bone tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"53","author":"Eslami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0062-5","article-title":"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles filled poly(D,L lactid acid) (PDLLA) matrix composites for bone tissue engineering","volume":"18","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0305","first-page":"3619","article-title":"Effects of titanium nanoparticles on adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114550883","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite and their interaction with human osteoblast in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Khalid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26790-x","article-title":"The toxicity and therapeutic effects of single-and multi-wall carbon nanotubes on mice breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kavosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9101501","article-title":"Applications of carbon nanotubes in bone tissue regeneration and engineering: superiority, concerns, current advancements, and prospects","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/360444a0","article-title":"Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide","volume":"360","author":"Tenne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505640103","article-title":"On the mechanical behavior of WS2 nanotubes under axial tension and compression","volume":"103","author":"Kaplan-Ashiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1163\/016942410X524138","article-title":"The effect of WS2 nanotubes on the properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites","volume":"25","author":"Zohar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4838095","article-title":"Dielectric and electrical properties of WS2 nanotubes\/epoxy composites and their use for stress monitoring of structures","volume":"2017","author":"Sedova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.108736","article-title":"Reinforcement of poly (methyl methacrylate) by WS2 nanotubes towards antiballistic applications","volume":"207","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.04.040","article-title":"Novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) nanocomposites containing WS2 inorganic nanotubes with improved thermal, mechanical and tribological properties","volume":"147","author":"Naffakh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.35","article-title":"Interactions of 1D- and 2D-layered inorganic nanoparticles with fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Rashkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2014.0163","article-title":"Biocompatibility of tungsten disulfide inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles with salivary gland cells","volume":"21","author":"Goldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN00401J","article-title":"Environmental impact and potential health risks of 2D nanomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Fojt\u016f","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1021\/es500065z","article-title":"Low cytotoxicity of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanostructures in human bronchial epithelial cells: relation to inflammatory gene induction and antioxidant response","volume":"48","author":"Pardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65514","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10707E","article-title":"WS2 inorganic nanotubes reinforced poly(L-lactic acid)\/hydroxyapatite hybrid composite biomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Naffakh","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0380","article-title":"Effect of tungsten disulfide nanotubes on crystallization of polylactide under uniaxial deformation and annealing","volume":"2","author":"Loffredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Funct. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65861-w","article-title":"Strong, tough and bio-degradable polymer-based 3D-ink for fused filament fabrication (FFF) using WS2 nanotubes","volume":"10","author":"Shalom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants7030028","article-title":"Nanocomposite of poly(L-lactic acid) with inorganic nanotubes of WS2","volume":"7","author":"Shalom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lubricants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213851","article-title":"Poly(L-lactic acid) reinforced with hydroxyapatite and tungsten disulfide nanotubes","volume":"13","author":"Golan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0400","series-title":"Implants for Surgery\u2014Homopolymers, Copolymers and Blends on Poly(lactide)\u2014In Vitro Degradation Testing","author":"ISO 13781:2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0405","series-title":"Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics","author":"ASTM D638-14.","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045","article-title":"Processing of poly(lactic acid): characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties","volume":"95","author":"Carrasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0415","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Tailoring crystallinity of electrospun PLLA fibres by control of electrospinning parameters, Polym. 2012, Vol. 4, Pages 1331\u20131348","author":"Ero-Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(02)00012-6","article-title":"Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition","volume":"27","author":"S\u00f6derg\u00e5rd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0425","series-title":"Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials","author":"ASTM E384-17.","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0430","series-title":"Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity","author":"ISO 10993-5:2009","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12347","DOI":"10.3390\/s120912347","article-title":"Multiple applications of alamar blue as an indicator of metabolic function and cellular health in cell viability bioassays","volume":"12","author":"Rampersad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242009000300006","article-title":"A simple method to measure cell viability in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"23","author":"Borra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0445","unstructured":"Measuring Cytotoxicity or Proliferation - alamarblue Assay Protocol | Bio-Rad, (n.d.). https:\/\/www.bio-rad-antibodies.com\/measuring-cytotoxicity-proliferation-spectrophotometry-fluorescence-alamarBlue.html (accessed June 5, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.030","article-title":"A study on the degradation of polylactic acid in the presence of phosphonium ionic liquids","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.031","article-title":"Study of the degradation of a new PLA braided biomaterial in buffer phosphate saline, basic and acid media, intended for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments","volume":"98","author":"Araque-Monr\u00f3s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6385","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c00489","article-title":"WS2 nanotubes as a 1D functional filler for melt mixing with poly(lactic acid): implications for composites manufacture","volume":"5","author":"Magee","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.10.063","article-title":"Establishment, morphology and properties of carbon nanotube networks in polymer melts","volume":"53","author":"Alig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.02.028","article-title":"Control of hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid) by incorporation of chain extender: from bulk to surface erosion","volume":"67","author":"I\u00f1iguez-Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00170-9","article-title":"Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion","volume":"23","author":"Von Burkersroda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)85755-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of polymer degradation and erosion","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f6pferich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)93575-X","article-title":"Degradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres: effect of copolymer composition","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2021.1890986","article-title":"Void reduction in fused filament fabrication (FFF) through in situ nozzle-integrated compression rolling of deposited filaments","volume":"16","author":"Ravoori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00237-9","article-title":"Surface degradation of poly(L-lactic acid) fibres in a concentrated alkaline solution","volume":"79","author":"Yuan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15081930","article-title":"Structural rearrangements of polylactide\/natural rubber composites during hydro- and biotic degradation","volume":"15","author":"Tertyshnaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.08.054","article-title":"Crystallization behavior of poly(L-lactic acid)","volume":"47","author":"Yasuniwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.03.069","article-title":"Spherulite growth of L-lactide copolymers: effects of tacticity and comonomers","volume":"46","author":"Tsuji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2006.08.011","article-title":"Effect of molecular weight on crystallization, melting behavior and morphology of poly(trimethylene terephalate)","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0059-5","article-title":"Effect of thermal history on nucleation and crystallization of poly(lactic acid)","volume":"51","author":"Jalali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5707","article-title":"Influence of \u03b1\u2019\u2212\/\u03b1-crystal polymorphism on properties of poly(L-lactic acid)","volume":"68","author":"Di Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app7060579","article-title":"Impact of the fused deposition (FDM) printing process on polylactic acid (PLA) chemistry and structure","volume":"7","author":"Cuiffo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36665","article-title":"Controlled in vitro degradation behavior of highly oriented long-chain-branched poly(lactic acid) produced by solid-phase die drawing","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. - Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.016","article-title":"Novel aspects of the degradation process of PLA based bulky samples under conditions of high partial pressure of water vapour","volume":"98","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01688-w","article-title":"The effect of carbodiimide on the stability of wood fiber\/poly(lactic acid) composites during soil degradation","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.02.005","article-title":"Effect of PLA grades and morphologies on hydrolytic degradation at composting temperature: assessment of structural modification and kinetic parameters","volume":"98","author":"Gorrasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35284","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04015","article-title":"3D-printed PCL scaffolds coated with nanobioceramics enhance osteogenic differentiation of stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Fazeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9120992","article-title":"Enhancing the hydrophilicity and cell attachment of 3D printed PCL\/graphene scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0565","series-title":"Biomater. Silver Jubil. Compend.","first-page":"117","article-title":"Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and erosion","author":"G\u00f6pferich","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14245441","article-title":"Impact of in vitro degradation on the properties of samples produced by additive production from PLA\/PHB-based material and ceramics","volume":"14","author":"Balogov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17060828","article-title":"Effect of the interior fill percentage on the deterioration of the mechanical properties of FFF-3D-printed PLA structures","volume":"17","author":"Yamada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00002-3","article-title":"Biomaterials and bone mechanotransduction","volume":"22","author":"Sikavitsas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-157370","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in bone repair and regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."}],"container-title":["Biomaterials Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772950826000348?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772950826000348?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T22:56:26Z","timestamp":1772924186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772950826000348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S2772950826000348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-9508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-9508","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biocompatibility and degradation of PLA reinforced with tungsten disulfide nanotubes for 3D-printed bone scaffold","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomaterials Advances","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214736","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"214736"}}