{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:37:29Z","timestamp":1784716649848,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Biochemistry &amp; Cell Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T23:08:19Z","timestamp":1367968099000},"page":"2257-2265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Muscle wasting in heart failure: An overview"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Steinbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00626-3","article-title":"Apoptosis in skeletal myocytes of patients with chronic heart failure is associated with exercise intolerance","volume":"33","author":"Adams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.145","article-title":"Myonuclear number and myosin heavy chain expression in rat soleus single muscle fibers after spaceflight","volume":"81","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015229","article-title":"The influence of muscle mass, strength, fatigability and blood flow on exercise capacity in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2002.007005","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview","volume":"90","author":"Anker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118566","article-title":"The acidosis of chronic renal failure activates muscle proteolysis in rats by augmenting transcription of genes encoding proteins of the ATP-dependent ubiquitin\u2013proteasome pathway","volume":"97","author":"Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.019","article-title":"Testosterone inhibits transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling during myogenic differentiation and proliferation of mouse satellite cells: potential role of follistatin in mediating testosterone action","volume":"350","author":"Braga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0049-z","article-title":"Myostatin blockage using actRIIB antagonism in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma results in the improvement of muscle wasting and physical performance","volume":"3","author":"Busquets","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312803582933","article-title":"Angiotensin II: role in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Cabello-Verrugio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Protein and Peptide Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2003.12.009","article-title":"Prediction of mortality in chronic heart failure from peak oxygen consumption adjusted for either body weight or lean tissue","volume":"10","author":"Cicoira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiac Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2003.23","article-title":"Growth hormone resistance in chronic heart failure and its therapeutic implications","volume":"9","author":"Cicoira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiac Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01306-7","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass independently predicts peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory response during exercise in noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Cicoira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1996.0218","article-title":"The \u201cmuscle hypothesis\u201d of chronic heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Coats","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041701","article-title":"Exercise training prevents oxidative stress and ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system overactivity and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2001.1453","article-title":"Apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of rats with heart failure is associated with increased serum levels of TNF-alpha and sphingosine","volume":"33","author":"Dalla Libera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0080","first-page":"E606","article-title":"Effects of recombinant IGF-I on protein and glucose metabolism in rTNF-infused lambs","volume":"261","author":"Douglas","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.5.1751","article-title":"Alterations of skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Drexler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0035-5","article-title":"The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Elkina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: a new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0074-6","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update","volume":"3","author":"Fanzani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0025-7","article-title":"Myopenia \u2013 a new universal term for muscle wasting","volume":"2","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.6.1479","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure","volume":"92","author":"Ferrari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs381","article-title":"Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"34","author":"F\u00fclster","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2848","article-title":"Ubiquitin gene expression in skeletal muscle is increased during sepsis: involvement of TNF-alpha but not IL-1","volume":"217","author":"Garcia-Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00848-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Gielen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.047381","article-title":"Exercise training attenuates MuRF-1 expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure independent of age: the randomized Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure and Aging catabolism study","volume":"125","author":"Gielen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E157","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00193.2009","article-title":"Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellitecell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin","volume":"297","author":"Gilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251541198","article-title":"Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy","volume":"98","author":"Gomes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000173106.68485.b7","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on insulin-like growth factor-I expression in the skeletal muscle of non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01736-9","article-title":"Reduction of insulin-like growth factor-I expression in the skeletal muscle of noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00381-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle function and its relation to exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Harrington","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0160","first-page":"423","article-title":"Corticosteroids and muscle wasting: role of transcription factors, nuclear cofactors, and hyperacetylation","volume":"13","author":"Hasselgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882068","article-title":"Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure","volume":"121","author":"Heineke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199703)247:3<350::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Myonuclear loss in atrophied soleus muscle fibers","volume":"247","author":"Hikida","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000332998","article-title":"Effects of exercise training in heart transplant recipients: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CR290","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.882734","article-title":"The impact of aerobic exercise training on novel adipokines, apelin and ghrelin, in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Kadoglou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1277","article-title":"The effect of physical training on hormonal status and exertional hormonal response in patients with chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Kiilavuori","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00014-1","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle fibre characteristics in men with chronic heart failure, Correlation between skeletal muscle alterations, cytokines and exercise capacity","volume":"83","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711402735","article-title":"Exercise training leads to a reduction of elevated myostatin levels in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Lenk","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp020","article-title":"Impact of exercise training on myostatin expression in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in a chronic heart failure model","volume":"11","author":"Lenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(88)90164-7","article-title":"Abnormalities of skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Lipkin","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0210","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ubiquitin and proteasome gene expression is increased in skeletal muscle of slim AIDS patients","volume":"2","author":"Llovera","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0019-5","article-title":"Wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"2","author":"Mak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1106","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bonemineral and soft-tissue composition","volume":"51","author":"Mazess","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs033","volume":"14","author":"McMurray","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0235","first-page":"403","article-title":"Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Morley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0240","first-page":"552","article-title":"Morphologie, Cytochemie und Immunhistochemie des Cytochrom-c-oxidase-Mangels","volume":"72","author":"Muiller-Hocker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Pathologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000149746.62908.BB","article-title":"Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"110","author":"Nagaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HFACTION randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181f1592e","article-title":"Muscular hypertrophy and changes in cytokine production after eccentric training in the rat skeletal muscle","volume":"25","author":"Ochi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08024-8","article-title":"Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: an observational study","volume":"359","author":"Onder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11329-0","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"351","author":"Osterziel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr017","article-title":"Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. a consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Piepoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00490.2009","article-title":"Testosterone represses ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and Murf-1 expression in an androgen-sensitive rat skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"108","author":"Pires-Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0280","first-page":"595","article-title":"The effect of three-month pre-season preparatory period and short-term exercise on plasma leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels in young female handball and basketball players","volume":"35","author":"Plinta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.25.3060","article-title":"Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"102","author":"Rauchhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/rr67","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and muscle wasting: a cellular perspective","volume":"2","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2011.03.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance","volume":"27","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics in Geriatric Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.1.192","article-title":"Standardization of nomenclature of body composition in weight loss","volume":"66","author":"Roubenoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.06.003","article-title":"The potential and the pitfalls of beta-adrenoceptor agonists for the management of skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"120","author":"Ryall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3435","article-title":"Inhibition of TNF-alpha expression by adenosine: role of A3 adenosine receptors","volume":"156","author":"Sajjadi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0052-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"3","author":"Sakuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.07.028","article-title":"Moderate exercise training modulates cytokine profile and sleep in elderly people","volume":"60","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt\/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models","volume":"1","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skeletal Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328331e91c","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Schols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.04.017","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 and muscle wasting in chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Schulze","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/532620","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and functional capacity in heart failure","volume":"2011","author":"Smart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiology Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2011.00217.x","article-title":"The effect of physical training on systemic proinflammatory cytokine expression in heart failure patients: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Smart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Congestive Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181d0ba8b","article-title":"Myostatin: regulator of muscle wasting in heart failure and treatment target for cardiac cachexia","volume":"121","author":"Springer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318222e620","article-title":"Angiotensin II, oxidative stress and skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"342","author":"Sukhanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of the Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.518","article-title":"Skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology in ambulatory patients with long-term heart failure","volume":"81","author":"Sullivan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000093656","article-title":"Sarcopenia \u2013 a potential target for Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition?","volume":"52","author":"Sumukadas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174839","article-title":"Angiotensin II upregulates protein phosphatase 2C\u03b1 and inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase signaling and energy balance leading to skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"58","author":"Tabony","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00545.2010","article-title":"Chronic heart failure reduces Akt phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle: relationship to muscle size and function","volume":"110","author":"Toth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0380","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Study of insulin resistance, TNF-\u03b1, total antioxidant capacity and lipid profile in patients with chronic heart failure under exercise","volume":"25","author":"Tsarouhas","year":"2011","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0385","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: impact, mechanisms and emerging treatments","author":"Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.153","article-title":"Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I","volume":"154","author":"Velloso","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.4.431","article-title":"Apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of patients with heart failure: investigation of clinical and biochemical changes","volume":"84","author":"Vescovo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"September (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00245-0","article-title":"Cachexia: a therapeutic approach beyond cytokine antagonism","volume":"85","author":"von Haehling","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0013-3","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, cachexia and obesity in heart failure: rationale and design of the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"1","author":"von Haehling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0089-z","article-title":"From muscle wasting to sarcopenia and myopenia: update 2012","volume":"3","author":"von Haehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.109744","article-title":"The muscle in dire straits: mechanisms of wasting in heart failure","volume":"125","author":"von Haehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene","volume":"295","author":"Waddell","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70131-5","article-title":"The expression of genes in the ubiquitin\u2013proteasome proteolytic pathway is increased in skeletal muscle from patients with cancer","volume":"126","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn124","article-title":"ACE inhibitors for sarcopenia \u2013 as good as exercise training?","volume":"37","author":"Witham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080702702s42","article-title":"Body composition analysis techniques in adult and pediatric patients: how reliable are they? How useful are they clinically?","volume":"27","author":"Woodrow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis International"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Biochemistry &amp; Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1357272513001301?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1357272513001301?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T06:51:57Z","timestamp":1761202317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1357272513001301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1357272513001301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1357-2725"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1357-2725","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Muscle wasting in heart failure: An overview","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}