{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:55:13Z","timestamp":1787684113480,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001473","name":"AO North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biofilm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T21:12:57Z","timestamp":1687900377000},"page":"100138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Development and validation of a large animal ovine model for implant-associated spine infection using biofilm based inocula"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemi","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel S.","family":"Brodke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Wawrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Epperson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas N.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198411000-00021","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification. Incidence and relation to trochanteric osteotomy in 100 total hip arthroplasties","author":"Errico","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217745512","article-title":"Postoperative spine infection: diagnosis and management","volume":"8","author":"Dowdell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2019.206","article-title":"Fate of hardware in spinal infections","volume":"21","author":"Atesok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1142","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1142","article-title":"Preclinical models of vertebral osteomyelitis and associated infections: current models and recommendations for study design","volume":"4","author":"Joyce","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000164102.31726.0a","article-title":"Effects of intervertebral disc infection on the developing ovine spine","volume":"30","author":"Walters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000199957.01942.48","article-title":"Prophylactic cephazolin to prevent discitis in an ovine model","volume":"31","author":"Walters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00266-3","article-title":"Late spinal infections following posterior spinal fusion in pediatric deformities: treatment using single-stage titanium implant exchange","volume":"9","author":"Ameri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.078","article-title":"The 2018 definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection: an evidence-based and validated criteria","volume":"33","author":"Parvizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.07.019","article-title":"Methylene blue-guided debridement as an intraoperative adjunct for the surgical treatment of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"32","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2373-9","article-title":"Failure of irrigation and debridement for early postoperative periprosthetic infection","volume":"471","author":"Fehring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1434-1","article-title":"The Chitranjan Ranawat Award: fate of two-stage reimplantation after failed irrigation and d\u00e9bridement for periprosthetic knee infection","volume":"469","author":"Sherrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib12","first-page":"385","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms and periprosthetic infections","volume":"63","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib13","series-title":"Target. Biofilms transl. Res. Device dev. Ind. Sect.","first-page":"131","article-title":"Targeting biofilms in translational research","author":"Ashton","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880803100907","article-title":"The extracellular polymer substance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: too slippery for neutrophils to migrate on?","volume":"31","author":"H\u00e4nsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.02.010","article-title":"In vitro testing of a first-in-class tri-alkylnorspermidine-biaryl antibiotic in an anti-biofilm silicone coating","author":"Ashton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib16","series-title":"Targeting biofilms in translational research, device development, and industrial sectors","author":"Williams","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74210-3","article-title":"Treatment of staphyloeoeeal infections with penicillin by intermittent sterilisation","author":"Bigger","year":"1944","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1557","article-title":"Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4720-8","article-title":"Antibiotic-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm persists on arthroplasty materials","volume":"474","author":"Urish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.12.012","article-title":"Pulse lavage is inadequate at removal of biofilm from the surface of total knee arthroplasty materials","volume":"29","author":"Urish","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.186","article-title":"Burden of surgical site infections associated with select spine operations and involvement of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00178","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: recent developments in biofilm dispersal","volume":"4","author":"Lister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01050","article-title":"Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020118","article-title":"Implant removal in the management of prosthetic joint infection by staphylococcus aureus: outcome and predictors of failure in a large retrospective multicenter study","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez-Junyent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib26","first-page":"S541","article-title":"Epidemiology of bone fracture across the age span in blacks and whites","volume":"71","author":"Pressley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23273","article-title":"Novel in vivo mouse model of implant related spine infection","volume":"35","author":"Dworsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002150-00003","article-title":"A novel spinal implant infection model in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Poelstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0365-0","article-title":"Implant-related infection model in rat spine","volume":"127","author":"Ofluoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.045385","article-title":"Rabbit model of Staphylococcus aureus implant-associated spinal infection","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00034","article-title":"Current animal models of postoperative spine infection and potential future advances","volume":"2","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803150-00002","article-title":"The role of prophylactic antibiotics in spinal instrumentation: a rabbit model","volume":"23","author":"Guiboux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0209-1","article-title":"A novel canine model of acute pyogenic spondylodiscitis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0414-y","article-title":"Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders\/degeneration?","volume":"17","author":"Alini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0144-6","article-title":"Preventing and treating discitis: cephazolin penetration in ovine lumbar intervertebral disc","volume":"15","author":"Walters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198909000-00018","article-title":"Latrogenic discitis: the role of intravenous antibiotics in prevention and treatment: an experimental study","volume":"14","author":"Fraser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib37","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Using biofilms as initial inocula in animal models of biofilm-related infections","volume":"100","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34123","article-title":"Experimental model of biofilm implant-related osteomyelitis to test combination biomaterials using biofilms as initial inocula","volume":"100","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib39","series-title":"Plumb's veterinary drug handbook","author":"Budde","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib40","first-page":"542","article-title":"Anatomy of the sheep spine and its comparison to the human spine","volume":"247","author":"Wilke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat Rec An Off Publ Am Assoc Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00765.x","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of two semi\u2010quantitative wound\u2010swabbing techniques in identifying the causative organism (s) in infected cutaneous wounds","volume":"8","author":"Angel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00091","article-title":"Methylene blue is an effective disclosing agent for identifying bacterial biofilms on orthopaedic implants","volume":"102","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1994.17.4.343","article-title":"Parallel experience of two different laboratories with the initiator perkadox 16 for polymerization of methylmethacrylates","volume":"17","author":"Sanderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Histotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34509","article-title":"Bone ingrowth comparison of irregular titanium and cobalt-chromium coatings in a translational cancellous bone model","volume":"108","author":"Epperson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.19.00379","article-title":"Histological analysis of a retrieved porous tantalum total ankle replacement: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Epperson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib46","first-page":"527","article-title":"Errors in quantitative backscattered electron analysis of bone standardized by energy\u2010dispersive x\u2010ray spectrometry","volume":"20","author":"Vajda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scanning J Scanning Microsc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib47","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of a unique first-in-class antibiofilm antibiotic for biofilm-related wound infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofilms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1997.20.2.119","article-title":"Staining technique to differentiate mineralized and demineralized bone in ground sections","volume":"20","author":"Sanderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Histotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.32924","article-title":"Model development for determining the efficacy of a combination coating for the prevention of perioperative device related infections: a pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20193","article-title":"Effect on infection resistance of a local antiseptic and antibiotic coating on osteosynthesis implants: an in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"24","author":"Kalicke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.05.006","article-title":"Dalbavancin compared with vancomycin for prevention of Staphylococcus aureus colonization of devices in vivo","volume":"50","author":"Darouiche","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199809000-00013","article-title":"Anti-infective efficacy of antiseptic-coated intramedullary nails","volume":"80","author":"Darouiche","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00632-9","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesin contributes to the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Elasri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21188","article-title":"Development of a fracture osteomyelitis model in the rat femur","volume":"29","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000159154.17131.bf","article-title":"A model for chronic osteomyelitis using Staphylococcus aureus in goats","volume":"436","author":"Salgado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19940501-11","article-title":"Pin tract infections: silver vs uncoated pins","volume":"17","author":"Collinge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.055","article-title":"In vivo analysis of a first-in-class tri-alkyl norspermidine-biaryl antibiotic in an active release coating to reduce the risk of implant-related infection","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200111010-00010","article-title":"In vivo accuracy of thoracic pedicle screws","volume":"26","author":"Belmont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3853-x","article-title":"Methods to determine pedicle screw placement accuracy in spine surgery: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Aoude","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2016.04.01","article-title":"The imaging of osteomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quant Imag Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.08.003","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of a silicone - cationic steroid antimicrobial coating to prevent implant-related infection","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.32924","article-title":"Model development for determining the efficacy of a combination coating for the prevention perioperative device related infections: a pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Sinclair","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.6.0975","article-title":"Management of postoperative infections after spinal instrumentation","volume":"86","author":"Levi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220957268","article-title":"Spinal surgery site infection leading to implant loosening is influenced by the number of prior operations","volume":"12","author":"Bratschitsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306","article-title":"Persister cells","volume":"64","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib66","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Development and progression of pyogenic spondylitis in a canine experimental model","volume":"69","author":"Koh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib67","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Roentgenological and pathological studies on the development of discitis in canine models","volume":"65","author":"Ohno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib68","series-title":"The biofilm primer","author":"Costerton","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00565.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity in biofilms","volume":"24","author":"Wimpenny","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00013-14","article-title":"Biofilm-related infections: bridging the gap between clinical management and fundamental aspects of recalcitrance toward antibiotics","volume":"78","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq057","article-title":"Efficacy of antimicrobial polymer coatings in an animal model of bacterial infection associated with foreign body implants","volume":"65","author":"Hart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050837","article-title":"A porcine model for the development and testing of preoperative skin preparations","volume":"10","author":"Duffy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000855","article-title":"Consensus on implants in infections after spine surgery","volume":"33","author":"Divi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-20-12","article-title":"Implications for diagnosis and treatment of peri-spinal implant infections from experiences in periprosthetic joint infections\u2014a literature comparison and review","volume":"6","author":"Karczewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bcde61","article-title":"The presentation, incidence, etiology, and treatment of surgical site infections after spinal surgery","volume":"35","author":"Ter Gunne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138_bib77","article-title":"Experimental model of biofilm implant-related osteomyelitis to test combination biomaterials using biofilms as initial inocula","volume":"100","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res, Part A"}],"container-title":["Biofilm"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590207523000357?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590207523000357?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:59:02Z","timestamp":1762919942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590207523000357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S2590207523000357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-2075"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-2075","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development and validation of a large animal ovine model for implant-associated spine infection using biofilm based inocula","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biofilm","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100138","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100138"}}