{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:42:26Z","timestamp":1794242546668,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM202211007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM202211007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomaterials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:49:28Z","timestamp":1775260168000},"page":"124162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A 3-N nose-to-brain urolithin a nanomotor targeting microglial mitophagy in neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"333","author":[{"given":"Yifei","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuesheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1753-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6753","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx0043","article-title":"Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases","volume":"388","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.01.008","article-title":"13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Cobley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00270-5","article-title":"Sepsis and cerebral dysfunction: BBB damage, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy as key mediators and the potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"39","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004066","article-title":"Long-term cognitive and functional impairments after critical illness","volume":"128","author":"Rengel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib6","article-title":"Natural products from herbal medicine self-assemble into advanced bioactive materials","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270418","article-title":"Biological significance of urolithins, the gut microbial ellagic Acid-derived metabolites: the evidence so far","volume":"2013","author":"Esp\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4132","article-title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13847","article-title":"Urolithin A improves alzheimer's disease cognition and restores mitophagy and lysosomal functions","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0461-7","article-title":"The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans","volume":"43","author":"Cerd\u00e1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00298G","article-title":"Tissue deconjugation of urolithin A glucuronide to free urolithin A in systemic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"\u00c1vila-G\u00e1lvez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100927","article-title":"Manganese-based micro\/nanomotors: synthesis, motion, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705872","article-title":"Tubular micro\/nanomachines: from the basics to recent advances","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01050-0","article-title":"Hollow MnO(2) as a tumor-microenvironment-responsive biodegradable nano-platform for combination therapy favoring antitumor immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado6798","article-title":"Oral microsphere formulation of M2 macrophage-mimetic janus nanomotor for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13158","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202013689","article-title":"Biosafety, functionalities, and applications of biomedical micro\/Nanomotors","volume":"60","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.008","article-title":"Recent trends in protein and peptide-based biomaterials for advanced drug delivery","volume":"156","author":"Varanko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202402129","article-title":"A triple-role nano-therapy by NADH@HMONs-AAL for precision treatment of cognitive dysfunction induced by neuroinflammation through the nose-brain pathway","volume":"34","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118635","article-title":"Strategies to facilitate or block nose-to-brain drug delivery","volume":"570","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.12.009","article-title":"Convolutions in the rendition of nose to brain therapeutics from bench to bedside: Feats & fallacies","volume":"341","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04436","article-title":"Versatile polydopamine platforms: synthesis and promising applications for surface modification and advanced nanomedicine","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13871","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06081","article-title":"Dopamine receptor-mediated binding and cellular uptake of polydopamine-coated nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118570119","article-title":"Olfactory regulation by dopamine and DRD2 receptor in the nose","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990906)411:4<666::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Olfactory receptor neurons express D2 dopamine receptors","volume":"411","author":"Koster","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708007","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases: dual roles in controlling ROS damage and regulating ROS signaling","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03285","article-title":"Urolithins attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2Microglia via MAPK, Akt, and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121177","article-title":"The personalized application of biomaterials based on age and sexuality specific immune responses","volume":"278","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2411012","article-title":"The potential mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis in postoperative neurocognitive disorders: an in-depth review","volume":"56","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.12.011","article-title":"TiO(2) nanoparticles cause mitochondrial dysfunction, activate inflammatory responses, and attenuate phagocytosis in macrophages: a proteomic and metabolomic insight","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02116-x","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for mitigating neuronal injury and inflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: insights into the hippocampal PEBP-1\/15-LOX\/GPX4 pathway","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1442-3","article-title":"Microglia lacking a peroxisomal \u03b2-oxidation enzyme chronically alter their inflammatory profile without evoking neuronal and behavioral deficits","volume":"16","author":"Beckers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.003","article-title":"The globally disseminated M1T1 clone of group A streptococcus evades autophagy for intracellular replication","volume":"14","author":"Barnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.08.008","article-title":"ER stress and impaired autophagy flux in neuronal degeneration and brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.030","article-title":"p62 in cancer: Signaling adaptor beyond autophagy","volume":"167","author":"Moscat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01503-7","article-title":"The mitophagy pathway and its implications in human diseases","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0232-6","article-title":"Is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\/frontotemporal dementia an autophagy disease?","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0332-9","article-title":"Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-018-0081-5","article-title":"Mitochonic acid 5 activates the MAPK\u2013ERK\u2013yap signaling pathways to protect mouse microglial BV-2 cells against TNF\u03b1-induced apoptosis via increased Bnip3-related mitophagy","volume":"23","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01170-0","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of riboflavin kinase on cerebral ischemia injury in rats","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib42","article-title":"Biomimetic remodeling of microglial riboflavin metabolism ameliorates cognitive impairment by modulating neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.001","article-title":"Synaptophysin regulates the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis in central neurons","volume":"70","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609307104","article-title":"PSD-95 is required for activity-driven synapse stabilization","volume":"104","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.05.019","article-title":"Characteristics of clinical sepsis reflected in a reliable and reproducible rodent sepsis model","volume":"170","author":"Gonnert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163217","article-title":"Autofluorescence cascade nanozyme catalyzes in vivo ROS scavenging for precisive anti-neuroinflammation therapy","volume":"515","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0142961226001869?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0142961226001869?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:33:41Z","timestamp":1793946821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0142961226001869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0142961226001869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-9612"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-9612","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A 3-N nose-to-brain urolithin a nanomotor targeting microglial mitophagy in neuroinflammation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomaterials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124162","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124162"}}