{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:32:48Z","timestamp":1773804768146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomass and Bioenergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1622374056000},"page":"106135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Influence of Ca- and Al-additives on the pollutant emissions from blends of wood and straw in small-scale combustion"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"H\u00f6fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Huelsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kaltschmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.01.039","article-title":"The impact of a new emission control act on particulate matter emissions from residential wood energy use in Bavaria, Germany","volume":"145","author":"Wilnhammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-017-0249-7","article-title":"Influence of wood chip quality on emission behaviour in small-scale wood chip boilers","volume":"9","author":"Sch\u00f6n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5088640","article-title":"Investigation of additives in combustion of wheat straw pellets in a small scale boiler","volume":"11","author":"Dragutinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.04.003","article-title":"Combustion behavior and slagging tendencies of kaolin additivated agricultural pellets and of wood-straw pellet blends in a small-scale boiler","volume":"125","author":"Mack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib5","author":"Statistisches Bundesamt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.07.029","article-title":"Experimental trials to make wheat straw pellets with wood residue and binders","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1021\/ef2002475","article-title":"Optimal mixtures to reduce the formation of corrosive compounds during straw combustion: a thermodynamic analysis","volume":"25","author":"Becidan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7493","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b00229","article-title":"Characteristics of particulate matter emitted from agricultural biomass combustion","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2007.06.017","article-title":"Deposit characteristic after injection of additives to a Danish straw-fired suspension boiler","volume":"88","author":"Tobiasen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(03)00036-9","article-title":"Particle emissions from biomass combustion in small combustors","volume":"25","author":"Johansson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/ef049904m","article-title":"Modeling of aerosol formation during biomass combustion in grate furnaces and comparison with measurements","volume":"19","author":"J\u00f6ller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2015.11.016","article-title":"Alkali transformation during single pellet combustion of soft wood and wheat straw","volume":"143","author":"Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2015.10.008","article-title":"Role of potassium in deposit formation during wood pellets combustion","volume":"141","author":"Paneru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.04.001","article-title":"Release of inorganic trace elements during gasification of wood, straw, and miscanthus","volume":"35","author":"Porbatzki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.07.047","article-title":"Blended biomass pellets as fuel for small scale combustion appliances: influence on gaseous and total particulate matter emissions and applicability of fuel indices","volume":"184","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-018-0352-4","article-title":"Additives as a fuel-oriented measure to mitigate inorganic particulate matter (PM) emissions during small-scale combustion of solid biofuels","volume":"9","author":"Gollmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2012.03.004","article-title":"A critical review on additives to reduce ash related operation problems in biomass combustion applications","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.028","article-title":"Kaolin as additive in wood pellet combustion with several mixtures of spruce and short-rotation-coppice willow and its influence on emissions and ashes","volume":"235","author":"Gehrig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2013.08.005","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of alkali metal sorbents on the release and capture of trace elements during combustion of straw","volume":"160","author":"Bl\u00e4sing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1021\/ef900429f","article-title":"Influence of kaolin and calcite additives on ash transformations in small-scale combustion of oat","volume":"23","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-017-0273-7","article-title":"Effect of additives on thermochemical conversion of solid biofuel blends from wheat straw, corn stover, and corn cob","volume":"1","author":"Dragutinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-018-0316-8","article-title":"Influence of kaolinite on the PM emissions from small-scale combustion","volume":"1","author":"Huelsmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib23","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Testing of zeolite and kaolin for preventing ash sintering and fouling during biomass combustion","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.02.006","article-title":"Addition of kaolin as potassium sorbent in the combustion of wood fuel \u2013 effects on fly ash properties","volume":"89","author":"Steenari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1021\/ef400400n","article-title":"Application of novel and advanced fuel characterization tools for the combustion related characterization of different wood\/kaolin and straw\/kaolin mixtures","volume":"27","author":"Sommersacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2008.10.006","article-title":"Particle emission from combustion of oat grain and its potential reduction by addition of limestone or kaolin","volume":"90","author":"B\u00e4fver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b04055","article-title":"Potassium capture by kaolin, Part 2: K2CO3 KCl, and K2SO4","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b03645","article-title":"Potassium capture by kaolin, Part 1: KOH","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture5030561","article-title":"Effect of additives and fuel blending on emissions and ash-related problems from small-scale combustion of reed canary grass","volume":"5","author":"Fournel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.12.017","article-title":"Fouling propensity of high-phosphorus solid fuels: predictive criteria and ash deposits characterisation of sunflower hulls with P\/Ca-additives in a drop tube furnace","volume":"170","author":"de Fusco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1021\/ef401521c","article-title":"Investigation of biomass ash sintering characteristics and the effect of additives","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1021\/ef101451e","article-title":"Bed agglomeration characteristics in fluidized quartz bed combustion of phosphorus-rich biomass fuels","volume":"25","author":"Grimm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib33","series-title":"Messen von Partikeln, Staubmessung in str\u00f6menden Gasen, gravimetrische Bestimmung der Staubbeladung","year":"2006"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-016-0229-3","article-title":"Assessment of additives avoiding the release of problematic species into the gas phase during biomass combustion\u2014development of a fast screening method based on TGA","volume":"1","author":"H\u00f6fer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-016-0217-7","article-title":"Effect of additives on particulate matter formation of solid biofuel blends from wood and straw","volume":"7","author":"H\u00f6fer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bioref."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib36","series-title":"Ammonium Sulphate and Co-combustion with Peat \u2013 Two Strategies to Reduce Gaseous KCl and Chlorine in Deposits during Biomass Combustion","author":"Kassman","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2018.02.020","article-title":"Wood washing: influence on gaseous and particulate emissions during wood combustion in a domestic pellet stove","volume":"174","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/en9050361","article-title":"Foliage and grass as fuel pellets\u2013small scale combustion of washed and mechanically leached biomass","volume":"9","author":"Khalsa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1021\/ef400366d","article-title":"Influence of peat addition to woody biomass pellets on slagging characteristics during combustion","volume":"27","author":"N\u00e4zelius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/ef030173k","article-title":"Critical parameters for particle emissions in small-scale fixed-bed combustion of wood pellets","volume":"18","author":"Wiinikka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.11.006","article-title":"Ash behaviour and emission formation in a small-scale reciprocating-grate combustion reactor operated with wood chips, reed canary grass and barley straw","volume":"143","author":"Kortelainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1021\/ef700718j","article-title":"Slagging characteristics during combustion of corn stovers with and without kaolin and calcite","volume":"22","author":"Xiong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1021\/ef700766y","article-title":"Fine particle and gas emissions from the combustion of agricultural fuels fired in a 20 kW burner","volume":"22","author":"Tissari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.10.036","article-title":"Blended biomass pellets as fuel for small scale combustion appliances: effect of blending on slag formation in the bottom ash and pre-evaluation options","volume":"212","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11041","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02391","article-title":"Reduction of alkali release by two fuel additives at different bed temperatures during grate combustion of woody biomass","volume":"33","author":"Rebbling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.02.064","article-title":"Effect of straw proportion and Ca- and Al-containing additives on ash composition and sintering of wood\u2013straw pellets","volume":"109","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1021\/ef201205b","article-title":"Ash transformation chemistry during combustion of biomass","volume":"26","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2010.10.010","article-title":"Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species part 3: combustion of five spruce samples","volume":"35","author":"Werkelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2011.05.027","article-title":"Ash transformations in pulverised fuel co-combustion of straw and woody biomass","volume":"105","author":"Nordgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib50","series-title":"Session 6: Deposition & Blending \u2013 Pilot-Scale","article-title":"Control strategies for reduction of alkali release during grate combustion of biomass - influence of process parameters and fuel additives in a 40 kW reactor","author":"Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1021\/ef0001181","article-title":"Equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion: a round-robin set of calculations using available computer programs and databases","volume":"15","author":"Blander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/ef980256e","article-title":"Release of inorganic constituents from leached biomass during thermal conversion","volume":"13","author":"Dayton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1021\/ef00053a018","article-title":"Direct observation of alkali vapor release during biomass combustion and gasification. 1. Application of molecular beam\/mass spectrometry to switchgrass combustion","author":"Dayton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2004.04.024","article-title":"Experimental study and simulation of a vertical section mullite-ternary eutectic (985\u00b0C) in the SiO2\u2013Al2O3\u2013K2O system","volume":"39","author":"Lecomte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."}],"container-title":["Biomass and Bioenergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0961953421001720?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0961953421001720?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T11:11:15Z","timestamp":1760785875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0961953421001720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0961953421001720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-9534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-9534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Influence of Ca- and Al-additives on the pollutant emissions from blends of wood and straw in small-scale combustion","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomass and Bioenergy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106135","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106135"}}