{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:49:22Z","timestamp":1792784962446,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Massachusetts College of Pharmacy"},{"name":"Health Sciences University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rd8mf35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:52:49Z","timestamp":1594947169000},"page":"110406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evaluation of current post-concussion protocols"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7063-3370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Priefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0005","series-title":"Surveillance Report of Traumatic Brain Injury-related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths\u2014United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/tmcallister","article-title":"Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"McAllister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0015","series-title":"CDC Issues First Guidelines to Treat Youth Concussions","author":"CNN","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.10.005","article-title":"Concussion evaluation and management","volume":"103","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0025","series-title":"Concussion Signs and Symptoms","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.06.001","article-title":"Multimodal impairment-based physical therapy for the treatment of patients with post-concussion syndrome: a retrospective analysis on safety and feasibility","volume":"23","author":"Grabowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.625","article-title":"Relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"155","author":"Bryant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0040","series-title":"What Are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Postconcussive Syndrome (PCS)?","author":"Lublt","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00508","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce angiogenesis and regeneration of nerve fibers in traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"11","author":"Tal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2002.4.1\/bbondy","article-title":"Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment","volume":"4","author":"Bondy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.07.006","article-title":"Work Productivity loss after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"99","author":"Silverberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives Phys. Med. and Rehabilit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005280","article-title":"\u03c9-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury\/concussion","volume":"5","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000387","article-title":"Nutritional supplements for the treatment and prevention of sports-related concussion-evidence still lacking","volume":"16","author":"Trojian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.1.139","article-title":"Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.07.016","article-title":"Headache management in concussion and mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100338","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport","volume":"53","author":"Harmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/rbryant","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Bryant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059417744899","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical outcomes following EEG neurofeedback training in traumatic brain injury in the context of spontaneous recovery","volume":"49","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0095","first-page":"19","article-title":"Neurofeedback therapy of attention deficits in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Active rehabilitation of concussion and post-concussion syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Leddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabilit. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.032","article-title":"Functional abnormalities in symptomatic concussed athletes: an fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2125","article-title":"Effect of cognitive activity level on duration of post-concussion symptoms","volume":"133","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.3.265","article-title":"Concussion in sports: postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance","volume":"43","author":"Majerske","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.775494","article-title":"The effect of recommending cognitive rest on recovery from sport-related concussion","volume":"27","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.072","article-title":"The effectiveness of prescribed rest depends on initial presentation after concussion","volume":"185","author":"Sufrinko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0966","article-title":"Benefits of strict rest after acute concussion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0135","first-page":"199","article-title":"Regulatory and autoregulatory physiological dysfunction as a primary characteristic of post concussion syndrome: implications for treatment","volume":"22","author":"Leddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0570-z","article-title":"Interventional treatment for post-traumatic headache","volume":"20","author":"Conidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0145","first-page":"685","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0150","first-page":"403","article-title":"Safety of osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine as an adjunct to conventional postconcussion symptom management: a pilot study","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0155","first-page":"182","article-title":"Cranial findings and iatrogenesis from craniosacral manipulation in patients with traumatic brain syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Greenman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1205487","article-title":"Treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome due to mild traumatic brain injury: current status and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Hadanny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1091","article-title":"Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Fann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.11.005","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of sertraline for the treatment of depression in persons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"90","author":"Ashman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0175","first-page":"335","article-title":"Depression after minor closed head injury: role of dexamethasone suppression test and antidepressants","volume":"46","author":"Saran","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2190\/KQ48-XT0L-2H14-5UMV","article-title":"Fluoxetine\u2019s effects on cognitive performance in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Horsfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0185","series-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes","first-page":"1122","author":"Noyes","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.10.021","article-title":"Amantadine Use for Postconcussion Syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Carabenciov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410364677","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Diener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.06.012","article-title":"Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Latremoliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. pain: Off. J. Am. Pain Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5114\/ninp.2012.32109","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the treatment of post-traumatic headache \u2013 case study","volume":"46","author":"Lippert-Gr\u00fcner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. i Neurochirurgia Polska"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12495","article-title":"Onabotulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Headache in Service Members With a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cohort Study","volume":"55","author":"Yerry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache: J. of Head and Face Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-271","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial of 3 and 10 mg sublingual melatonin for post-concussion syndrome in youths (PLAYGAME): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Barlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310411.x","article-title":"Glutamate induces oxidative stress not mediated by glutamate receptors or cystine transporters: protective effect of melatonin and other antioxidants","volume":"31","author":"Herrera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14260","article-title":"Vitamin C modulates glutamate transport and NMDA receptor function in the retina","volume":"144","author":"Domith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."}],"container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332220305990?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332220305990?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:20:21Z","timestamp":1760098821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0753332220305990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0753332220305990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406","relation":{},"ISSN":["0753-3322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0753-3322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of current post-concussion protocols","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110406","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110406"}}