{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:52:52Z","timestamp":1777873972393,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016541","name":"Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["number106041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["number106041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T05:11:55Z","timestamp":1594357915000},"page":"110483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Amelioration of risk factors associated with diabetic nephropathy in diet-induced pre-diabetic rats by an uracil-derived diimine ruthenium(II) compound"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Lindokuhle Patience","family":"Mabuza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mlindeli Wilkinson","family":"Gamede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanam","family":"Maikoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irvin Noel","family":"Booysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phikelelani Siphosethu","family":"Ngubane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andile","family":"Khathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"Tab\u00e1k","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-016-0159-z","article-title":"Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons","volume":"8","author":"Pecoits-Filho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666150625095407","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms involved in the expression and regulation of extracellular matrix proteins in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.234","article-title":"Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"82","author":"Weil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.03.411","article-title":"Prediabetes as a precursor to diabetic kidney disease","volume":"67","author":"De Nicola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0473","article-title":"Impaired podocyte autophagy exacerbates proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"65","author":"Tagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00151","article-title":"Molecular and cellular events mediating glomerular podocyte dysfunction and depletion in diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Anil Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.109","article-title":"The glomerular basement membrane as a barrier to albumin","volume":"9","author":"Suh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.12.008","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 is associated with insulin resistance: results from two community-based studies of elderly individuals","volume":"103","author":"Carlsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0050","first-page":"431","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1): an early biomarker for nephropathy in type II diabetic patients","volume":"35","author":"El-Ashmawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v1.i5.141","article-title":"Role of the renin angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"1","author":"Chawla","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv125","article-title":"The role of renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system genes in the progression of chronic kidney disease: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study","volume":"30","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S40172","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy\u2013complications and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0070","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling","volume":"2014","author":"Pacurari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0245-z","article-title":"The link between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal injury in obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Thethi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_336_18","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity: Role and significance of renal biomarkers in early detection of acute renal injury","volume":"10","author":"Al-Naimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0085","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of a ruthenium (II) Schiff base complex in a diet-induced prediabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Mabuza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1721","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071721","article-title":"Effects of a ruthenium schiff base complex on glucose homeostasis in diet-induced pre-diabetic rats","volume":"23","author":"Mabuza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.589853","article-title":"Evaluation of reproductive toxicity in male rats treated with novel synthesized ruthenium(II) and gold(I)-NHC complexes","volume":"381","author":"Ciftci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2014.05.021","article-title":"Novel ruthenium (II) and (III) compounds with multidentate Schiff base chelates bearing biologically significant moieties","volume":"79","author":"Booysen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0105","first-page":"74","article-title":"Voluntary ingestion of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet: a model for prediabetes","author":"Luvuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ponte Int. Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2015.45.4.266","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy; summary of 41 years","volume":"45","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.11.033","article-title":"Protective effect of thymol on high fat diet induced diabetic nephropathy in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"245","author":"Saravanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150093","article-title":"Are reactive oxygen species still the basis for diabetic complications?","volume":"129","author":"Di Marco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.189","article-title":"Heart failure: mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in CHF","volume":"12","author":"Okonko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2009.12.004","article-title":"Protective role of Punica granatum L. peel extract against oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rats","volume":"45","author":"Althunibat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710793348581","article-title":"Oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"17","author":"Kashihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00106","article-title":"Review of evidence for adult diabetic ketoacidosis management protocols","volume":"8","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v1.i5.123","article-title":"Creatinine, urea, uric acid, water and electrolytes renal handling in the healthy oldest old","volume":"1","author":"Musso","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-SAT-120","article-title":"SAT-120 Weight regain after bariatric surgery rectified by diatery intervention and metformin","volume":"3","author":"Torbay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000200","article-title":"Complications and management of hyponatremia","volume":"25","author":"Sterns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00750111","article-title":"Comparison of insulin action on glucose versus potassium uptake in humans","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.01.020","article-title":"A physiologic-based approach to the evaluation of a patient with hyperkalemia","volume":"56","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-010-9830-8","article-title":"Abnormalities of serum potassium concentration in dialysis-associated hyperglycemia and their correction with insulin: review of published reports","volume":"43","author":"Tzamaloukas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000214Y.0000000117","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of kaempferol, a flavonoid, on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"20","author":"Al-Numair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0180","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Albumin stimulates renal tubular inflammation through an HSP70-TLR4 axis in mice with early diabetic nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Jheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0185","first-page":"914","article-title":"Correlation of serum creatinine and urea with glycemic index and duration of diabetes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Chutani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003245","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003245","article-title":"Urine albumin\/creatinine ratio below 30 mg\/g is a predictor of incident hypertension and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"5","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0195","first-page":"2680","article-title":"Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone ameliorate albuminuria and renal extracellular matrix accumulation in the experimental diabetic rats","volume":"20","author":"Al-Trad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080823","article-title":"Lmx1b and FoxC combinatorially regulate podocin expression in podocytes","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020431","article-title":"Urinary podocyte-associated mRNA profile in various stages of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs313","article-title":"Urine podocin: nephrin mRNA ratio (PNR) as a podocyte stress biomarker","volume":"27","author":"Fukuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."}],"container-title":["Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332220306764?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332220306764?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:38:53Z","timestamp":1777574333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0753332220306764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0753332220306764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483","relation":{},"ISSN":["0753-3322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0753-3322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Amelioration of risk factors associated with diabetic nephropathy in diet-induced pre-diabetic rats by an uracil-derived diimine ruthenium(II) compound","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110483","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110483"}}