{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:39:06Z","timestamp":1794335946150,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:31:17Z","timestamp":1675650677000},"page":"114367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir\/Ritonavir): A new approach to Covid-19 therapy?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Seyed Mohammad Reza","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sheida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Taghizadieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Yousef","family":"Memar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Bannazadeh Baghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javid","family":"Sadri Nahand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zatollah","family":"Asemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib2","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Khailany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2021.100794","article-title":"An update on drugs with therapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treatment","volume":"59","author":"Dro\u017cd\u017cal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.935952","article-title":"Editorial: current status of oral antiviral drug treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-hospitalized patients","volume":"28","author":"Parums","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci. Monit."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035002","article-title":"REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with covid-19","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19424-0","article-title":"Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression","volume":"84","author":"Thiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00108","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors by a quantitative high-throughput screening","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharm. Transl. Sci."},{"issue":"6497","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4489","article-title":"Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease","volume":"368","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6575","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784","article-title":"An oral SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"374","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.121.000801","article-title":"Disposition of nirmatrelvir, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like Protease, across Animals and Humans","volume":"50","author":"Eng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.33945\/SAMI\/ECC.2020.7.7","article-title":"A review on coronavirus family persistency and considerations of novel type, COVID-19 features","author":"Zarei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasia Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204919","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir use and severe covid-19 outcomes during the omicron surge","volume":"387","author":"Arbel","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00618-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is highly sensitive to molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and the combination","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105252","article-title":"Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern","volume":"198","author":"Vangeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2022.10.001","article-title":"The efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the result of the tight molecular docking between M(pro) and antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir)","volume":"68","author":"Dawood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Med Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127377","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 main protease as drug target","volume":"30","author":"Ullrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.12.4272","article-title":"Mutation of Glu-166 blocks the substrate-induced dimerization of SARS coronavirus main protease","volume":"98","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705240200","article-title":"Mutation of Gly-11 on the dimer interface results in the complete crystallographic dimer dissociation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease: crystal structure with molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"283","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02680-07","article-title":"Mechanism for controlling the dimer-monomer switch and coupling dimerization to catalysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease","volume":"82","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05130.x","article-title":"The catalysis of the SARS 3C-like protease is under extensive regulation by its extra domain","volume":"273","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Febs J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib25","unstructured":"Abdel Latif A., Mullen J., Alkuzweny M., Tsueng G., Cano M., Haag E., et al. Outbreak. info-lineage comparison. 2021. 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib26","article-title":"Origin, evolution and global spread of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Zhukova","year":"2020","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib27","article-title":"Outbreak.info genomic reports: scalable and dynamic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Sq."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib29","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effect of oral nirmatrelvir on long COVID symptoms: 4 cases and rationale for systematic studies","volume":"7","author":"Peluso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog. Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X20000837","article-title":"An insight into the sex differences in COVID-19 patients: what are the possible causes?","volume":"35","author":"Maleki Dana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01678-y","article-title":"An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies","volume":"28","author":"VanBlargan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"7898","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib33","article-title":"Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants","author":"Weisblum","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05368-z","article-title":"Investigational antiviral drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients","volume":"167","author":"Beheshtirouy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib36","article-title":"Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir","author":"Iketani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib37","first-page":"7","article-title":"Drugs","volume":"52","author":"Lea","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib38","series-title":"StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)","author":"Talha","year":"2022"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2165\/11204950-000000000-00000","article-title":"Lopinavir\/Ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV-1 infection","volume":"70","author":"Croxtall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib40","first-page":"15","article-title":"From concept to care: pharmacokinetic boosting of protease inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Boffito","year":"2004","journal-title":"PRN Noteb."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179866","article-title":"The mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 by ritonavir: what mechanism?","volume":"23","author":"Loos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.003","article-title":"Fifteen years of HIV protease inhibitors: raising the barrier to resistance","volume":"85","author":"Wensing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp192","article-title":"A multicentre cohort experience with double-boosted protease inhibitors","volume":"64","author":"Stebbing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.03.015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2020.02.001","article-title":"Potential inhibitors against 2019-nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Genet Genom."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.07.030","article-title":"Molecular dynamic simulations analysis of ritonavir and lopinavir as SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitors","volume":"254","author":"Nukoolkarn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","article-title":"Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or interferon-\u03b21b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset","volume":"212","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-20","article-title":"Antiviral efficacies of FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00799-2020","article-title":"Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of lopinavir\/ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib51","first-page":"3390","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"10259","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32013-4","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S79776","article-title":"The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir is potentially active against urological malignancies","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib55","article-title":"Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe COVID-19 and Mortality in High Risk Patients","author":"Najjar-Debbiny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7125e2","article-title":"Hospitalization and emergency department encounters for COVID-19 after paxlovid treatment - California, December 2021-May 2022","volume":"71","author":"Malden","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2022.12.004","article-title":"Paxlovid associated with decreased hospitalization rate among adults with COVID-19\u2014United States, April\u2013September 2022","volume":"23","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004900","article-title":"Short-term pregnancy outcomes after nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment for mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"140","author":"Loza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2603","article-title":"Innovative randomized phase i study and dosing regimen selection to accelerate and inform pivotal COVID-19 trial of nirmatrelvir","volume":"112","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib60","article-title":"COVID-19 redux: clinical, virologic, and immunologic evaluation of clinical rebound after nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir","author":"Epling","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib61","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir for early COVID-19 and hospitalization in a large US health system","author":"Dryden-Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17027","article-title":"Early clinical experience with nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Salerno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13292","article-title":"PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir) does not interact with human ENT1 or ENT2: Implications for COVID-19 patients","volume":"15","author":"Hau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2688","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nirmatrelvir\/Ritonavir, a Protease Inhibitor for Treatment of COVID-19, in Subjects With Renal Impairment","volume":"112","author":"Toussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib65","article-title":"Association of nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir treatment on upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative conversion rates among high-risk patients with COVID-19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib66","article-title":"Characterization of virologic rebound following nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment for COVID-19","author":"Boucau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101972","article-title":"Structural basis for the in vitro efficacy of nirmatrelvir against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"298","author":"Greasley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818221095489","article-title":"Comprehensive Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Nirmatrelvir Supporting Timely Development of the SARS-COV-2 Antiviral Therapeutic, Paxlovid\u2122","volume":"41","author":"Sathish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib69","article-title":"Oral Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Non-hospitalized Vaccinated Patients with Covid-19","author":"Ganatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib70","unstructured":"Cai H., Yan J., Li P., Ding L., Liu S., Zhan Y., et al. Paxlovid for Treating Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Kidney Injury."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02815-22","article-title":"The Substitutions L50F, E166A, and L167F in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Are Selected by a Protease Inhibitor In Vitro and Confer Resistance To Nirmatrelvir","author":"Jochmans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.01.001","article-title":"Special considerations for paxlovid treatment among transplant recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"79","author":"Fishbane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib73","first-page":"14","article-title":"Interpreting and addressing suboptimal immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"131","author":"Stock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15967","article-title":"COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199835040-00002","article-title":"Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents","volume":"35","author":"Hsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.01.268","article-title":"Drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant recipient receiving HIV salvage therapy and tacrolimus","volume":"54","author":"Mertz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.163","article-title":"Prediction of tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on CYP3A4 phenotype and CYP3A5(*)3 genotype in Chinese renal transplant recipients","volume":"37","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2022.04.015","article-title":"Paxlovid (Nirmatelvir\/Ritonavir) and tacrolimus drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with SARS-2-CoV infection: a case report","volume":"54","author":"Prikis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib79","author":"Duffy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Treat. COVID-19 Paxlovid Prim. care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib80","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir: implications for the management of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Haque","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. Cp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Paxlovid-induced symptomatic bradycardia and syncope","volume":"15","author":"Ganipisetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.09.027","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of paxlovid for COVID-19:a meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332223001555?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332223001555?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:27:09Z","timestamp":1778246829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0753332223001555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0753332223001555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367","relation":{},"ISSN":["0753-3322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0753-3322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir\/Ritonavir): A new approach to Covid-19 therapy?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114367","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114367"}}