{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:51:40Z","timestamp":1791665500658,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Government Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:04:49Z","timestamp":1791219889000},"page":"119972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gastrin and cholecystokinin 2 receptor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in cancer: From pathogenesis to precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Dall\u2019Olmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9594-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Callegarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Russano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8104-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Finadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Buja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rastrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Mocellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32122","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005754200","article-title":"Human colorectal cancers express a constitutively active cholecystokinin-B\/gastrin receptor that stimulates cell growth","volume":"275","author":"Hellmich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.03.004","article-title":"Gastrin and gastric cancer","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqab062","article-title":"Gastrin: from physiology to gastrointestinal malignancies","volume":"3","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G359","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00117.2001","article-title":"Gastrin stimulates the growth of gastric pit cell precursors by inducing its own receptors","volume":"282","author":"Nakajima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4071","article-title":"Promoting role of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in gastrointestinal stromal tumour pathogenesis","volume":"228","author":"Quattrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-012-0293-1","article-title":"Gastrin receptor pharmacology","volume":"14","author":"Dockray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7522","article-title":"Assessment of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in neoplastic tissue","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205128","article-title":"Insights into effects\/risks of chronic hypergastrinemia and lifelong PPI treatment in man based on studies of patients with Zollinger\u2013Ellison syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10667","article-title":"Gastrin stimulates a cholecystokinin-2-receptor-expressing cardia progenitor cell and promotes progression of Barrett\u2019s-like esophagus","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.8.3605","article-title":"Expression cloning and characterization of the canine parietal cell gastrin receptor","volume":"89","author":"Kopin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528709011147","article-title":"Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach. A selective muscarinic-1 agent does, whereas gastrin does not, augment maximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion","volume":"22","author":"Kleveland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2000.00688.x","article-title":"Gastrin has a specific proliferative effect on the rat enterochromaffin-like cell, but not on the parietal cell: a study by elutriation centrifugation","volume":"169","author":"Bakke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1807681","article-title":"Perspectives on gastric cancer: the central role of gastrin in carcinogenesis by Helicobacter pylori, oxyntic atrophy and drug-induced acid suppression","volume":"16","author":"Waldum","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0572-y","article-title":"Pathophysiology of gastric NETs: role of gastrin and menin","volume":"19","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104615","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18403","article-title":"Exploiting cancer\u2019s phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605024","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: a population-based cohort study","volume":"100","author":"Poulsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13324","article-title":"Systematic review: the effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use on serum gastrin levels and gastric histology","volume":"42","author":"Lundell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1270","article-title":"Zinc ions mediate gastrin expression, proliferation, and migration downstream of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor","volume":"157","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314605","article-title":"Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib20","unstructured":"J.-M. Park, N. Kangwan, M. Jeong, S. Lee, J. Cho, K. Wj, K. Hahm, Trophic effects of gastrin on enterochromaffin-like(ECL) CELLS and its tumor-promoting role in gastrointestinalcarcinogenesis, in: 2015. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/TROPHIC-EFFECTS-OF-GASTRIN-ON-CELLS-AND-ITS-ROLE-IN-Park-Kangwan\/dae630d0999ebd5f669e085f9d44899b2183eb71. (Accessed 6 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-017-0311-8","article-title":"Expression of the cholecystokinin-B receptor in neoplastic gastric cells","volume":"9","author":"Mj\u00f8nes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124109","article-title":"Types of gastric carcinomas","volume":"19","author":"Waldum","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165751","article-title":"Correct identification of cell of origin may explain many aspects of cancer: the role of neuroendocrine cells as exemplified from the stomach","volume":"21","author":"Waldum","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.008","article-title":"CCK2R antagonists: from SAR to clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Novak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7112","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200625143035","article-title":"Cholecystokinin-2 receptor targeting with radiolabeled peptides: current status and future directions","volume":"27","author":"Klingler","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225776","article-title":"Update on preclinical development and clinical translation of cholecystokinin-2 receptor targeting radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"13","author":"Von Guggenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020065","article-title":"Utilizing peptide ligand GPCRs to image and treat pancreatic cancer","volume":"6","author":"Matters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2017.02.007","article-title":"Theranostic prospects of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor\u2013radioantagonists in oncology","volume":"12","author":"Maina","year":"2017","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114497","article-title":"Novel insight on GRP\/GRPR axis in diseases","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2024.2365895","article-title":"Progastrin-releasing peptide as a diagnostic biomarker of pulmonary and non-pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"49","author":"La Salvia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib31","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2024.03.004","article-title":"Gastrin releasing peptide receptors-targeted PET diagnostics and radionuclide therapy for prostate cancer management","volume":"19","author":"Dalm","year":"2024","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307190","article-title":"CCK2R identifies and regulates gastric antral stem cell states and carcinogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040885","article-title":"Progastrin: an overview of its crucial role in the tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"12","author":"Fioretzaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.08.013","article-title":"Gastrin and upper GI cancers","volume":"31","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.4.1067","article-title":"Structure of a human gastrin gene","volume":"81","author":"Wiborg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.15.4662","article-title":"Structural analysis of the gene encoding human gastrin: the large intron contains an Alu sequence","volume":"81","author":"Ito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00112","article-title":"Gastrin, cholecystokinin, signaling, and biological activities in cellular processes","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117839","article-title":"Pathways of processing of the gastrin precursor in rat antral mucosa","volume":"95","author":"Varro","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1087","article-title":"The new biology of gastrointestinal hormones","volume":"78","author":"Rehfeld","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108379","article-title":"Clearance and acid-stimulating action of human big and little gastrins in duodenal ulcer subjects","volume":"57","author":"Walsh","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2005.03.009","article-title":"Valine-286 residue in the third intracellular loop of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor exerts a pivotal role in cholecystokinin 2 receptor mediated intracellular signal transduction in human colon cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.720703","article-title":"The role of gasotransmitters in gut peptide actions","volume":"12","author":"Verbeure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184514","article-title":"The cytoprotective protein clusterin is overexpressed in hypergastrinemic rodent models of oxyntic preneoplasia and promotes gastric cancer cell survival","volume":"12","author":"Vange","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2018.10.022","article-title":"The application of transgenic and gene knockout mice in the study of gastric precancerous lesions","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. - Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020662","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use, hypergastrinemia, and gastric carcinoids\u2014what is the relationship?","volume":"21","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.10.1303","article-title":"Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffin like cells of the rat stomach: establishment of a dose response relationship","volume":"33","author":"Brenna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.4.371","article-title":"Mucosal argyrophil endocrine cells in pernicious anaemia and upper gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours","volume":"42","author":"Sj\u00f6blom","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113477","article-title":"Towards understanding of gastric cancer based upon physiological role of gastrin and ECL cells","volume":"12","author":"Waldum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673","article-title":"The central role of gastrin in gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Waldum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010095","article-title":"The most recent insights into the roots of gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Meli\u021b","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v17.i7.107610","article-title":"Genetically engineered mouse models in gastric precancerous lesions research","volume":"17","author":"Quan","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib53","series-title":"Physiology, Gastrin","author":"Prosapio","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.06.025","article-title":"Gastrin and cancer: a review","volume":"238","author":"Ferrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.01.020","article-title":"Hormonal suppression of stem cells inhibits symmetric cell division and gastric tumorigenesis","volume":"26","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14521","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in gastric cancers","volume":"111","author":"Oya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib57","series-title":"Stem Cells, Pre-Neoplasia, and Early Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract","first-page":"441","article-title":"Recapitulating human gastric cancer pathogenesis: experimental models of gastric cancer","author":"Ding","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2025.2509094","article-title":"The central role of gastrin in Helicobacter pylori gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Waldum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X16663395","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid: an intimate and reciprocal relationship","volume":"9","author":"Waldum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i8.791","article-title":"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in 2020","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"WJGO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-025-04340-x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the stomach. Update on diagnostic criteria, classification, and prognostic markers","volume":"488","author":"Uccella","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i27.7973","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review","volume":"9","author":"K\u00f6seo\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"WJCC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.09.002","article-title":"Potential clinical indications for a CCK2 receptor antagonist","volume":"31","author":"Boyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-023-14712-9","article-title":"Management of gastric neuroendocrine tumors: a review","volume":"31","author":"Sok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50091","article-title":"Gastrin induces proliferation in Barrett\u2019s metaplasia through activation of the CCK2 receptor","volume":"124","author":"Haigh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.09.003","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori extract induces nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 in esophageal epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Abdel-Latif","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8429","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.15.8429","article-title":"Novel gastrin receptors mediate mitogenic effects of gastrin and processing intermediates of gastrin on Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: absence of detectable cholecystokinin (CCK)-A and CCK-B receptors *","volume":"270","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(96)00066-0","article-title":"Gastrin and gastrin receptor antagonists bind to both N- and C-terminal halves of the 78 kDa gastrin-binding protein","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209798","article-title":"Annexin II binds progastrin and gastrin-like peptides, and mediates growth factor effects of autocrine and exogenous gastrins on colon cancer and intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18001","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of long-term proton pump inhibitor use","volume":"24","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00596-5","article-title":"The human gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene structure, its tissue expression and promoter","volume":"264","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1151-1","article-title":"Prostate cancer theranostics targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptors","volume":"20","author":"Baratto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.170977","article-title":"Bombesin-targeted PET of prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Mansi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017739","article-title":"Maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/deo2.400","article-title":"Endoscopic findings and outcomes of gastric mucosal changes relating to potassium-competitive acid blocker and proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"5","author":"Shinozaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"DEN Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00001","article-title":"Gastrin and gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Waldum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.798272","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and cancer: current state of play","volume":"13","author":"Bridoux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01930-3","article-title":"Risk of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma following discontinuation of long-term proton-pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"57","author":"Holmberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-086384","article-title":"Long term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of stomach cancer: population based case-control study in five Nordic countries","volume":"392","author":"Duru","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib80","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of proton pump inhibitors on the risk of gastric cancer","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13023","article-title":"Side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: a review","volume":"123","author":"Haastrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215469","article-title":"Problems associated with deprescribing of proton pump inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Helgadottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib83","article-title":"Comparing proton pump inhibitors and emerging acid-suppressive therapies in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1762520","article-title":"The role of gastric microbiota in gastric cancer","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16122254","article-title":"Non-invasive markers for the detection of gastric precancerous conditions","volume":"16","author":"Roma\u0144czyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14121289","article-title":"Biochemical markers for neuroendocrine tumors: traditional circulating markers and recent development\u2014a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Franchina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2147\/LCTT.S149516","article-title":"Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) as a biomarker in small-cell lung cancer diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of treatment response","volume":"8","author":"Wojcik","year":"2017","journal-title":"LCTT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/ph10010030","article-title":"Current status of radiopharmaceuticals for the theranostics of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"10","author":"Fani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib89","unstructured":"C. Morgat, H. Duan, S. Dalm, E. Hindi\u00e9, T. G\u00fcnther, B.J. Krause, V. Kramer, F. Cavelier, A.W. Stephens, S. Moran, L. Lamb, A. Iagaru, A vision for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor targeting for imaging and therapy: perspective from academia and industry, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214909","article-title":"Potential targets other than PSMA for prostate cancer theranostics: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gauth\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150059","article-title":"Molecular imaging of prostate cancer","volume":"36","author":"Wibmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1250799","article-title":"GRPR-targeting radiotheranostics for breast cancer management","volume":"10","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-025-01325-4","article-title":"Molecular targets and the emerging role of copper radionuclides in prostate cancer theranostics","volume":"15","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2024.01.004","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a theranostic target in breast cancer: a systematic scoping review","volume":"54","author":"Baun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2025.07.003","article-title":"GRPR expression in metastatic cancers: a review of potential application of GRPR-radioligand therapy","volume":"55","author":"Callaud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.12.083","article-title":"Radiolabeled bombesin derivatives for preclinical oncological imaging","volume":"87","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010042","article-title":"Localization of 99mTc-GRP analogs in GRPR-expressing tumors: effects of peptide length and neprilysin inhibition on biological responses","volume":"12","author":"Kaloudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2005.12.011","article-title":"Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of two 64Cu-labeled bombesin analogs in a mouse model of human prostate adenocarcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115096","article-title":"Transformation to neuroendocrine phenotype in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a literature review","volume":"26","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez De C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography11080083","article-title":"Emerging PET imaging agents and targeted radioligand therapy: a review of clinical applications and trials","volume":"11","author":"Palihati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tomography"}],"container-title":["Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332226010085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0753332226010085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:45:49Z","timestamp":1791665149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0753332226010085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0753332226010085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972","relation":{},"ISSN":["0753-3322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0753-3322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastrin and cholecystokinin 2 receptor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in cancer: From pathogenesis to precision medicine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119972","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119972"}}