{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:29:10Z","timestamp":1789054150460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]],"date-time":"2004-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,18]],"date-time":"2004-08-18T13:05:21Z","timestamp":1092834321000},"page":"292-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A case-control and family-based association study of the 5-HTTLPR in pediatric-onset depressive disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Nobile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giulia","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Giorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Baschirotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bellina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001328","article-title":"A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter","volume":"8","author":"Anguelova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.671","article-title":"Relation of shyness in grade school children to the genotype for the long form of the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism","volume":"160","author":"Arbelle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00774","article-title":"The association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) with temperament in 12-month-old infants","volume":"42","author":"Auerbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000531","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms in the determination of temperament in 2-month-old infants","volume":"4","author":"Auerbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00003-4","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral responses to minor stressors in offspring of patients with panic disorder","volume":"31","author":"Battaglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00677-6","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"255","author":"Bellivier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.6.557","article-title":"Major depressive disorder in a community-based twin sample","volume":"56","author":"Bierut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","article-title":"Influence of life stress on depression","volume":"301","author":"Caspi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib9","first-page":"453","article-title":"A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene","volume":"1","author":"Collier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dracopoli NC, Haines JL, Korf BL, Morton CC, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Smith DR, editors. (1995): Current Protocols in Human Genetics (Unit 9.7). New York: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142905.1996.9.issue-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib11","series-title":"Neurobiology of Mental Illness","first-page":"333","article-title":"The neurochemistry of mood disorders: Preclinical studies","author":"Duman","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x","article-title":"Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2","volume":"38","author":"Eaves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib13","series-title":"Molecular Genetics and the Human Personality","first-page":"137","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor and serotonin promoter polymorphisms and temperament in early childhood","author":"Ebstein","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000363","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor and serotonin transporter promoter in the determination of neonatal temperament","volume":"3","author":"Ebstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00543","article-title":"Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Eley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib16","first-page":"983","article-title":"The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association","volume":"59","author":"Ewens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1987.tb00875.x","article-title":"Haplotype relative risks","volume":"51","author":"Falk","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(00)00533-2","article-title":"Depressive symptoms as measured by the CDI in a population of northern Italian children","volume":"16","author":"Frigerio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000536","article-title":"Association of unipolar major depressive disorder with genes of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways","volume":"4","author":"Frisch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00362-X","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is not in linkage disequilibrium with prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity","volume":"45","author":"Geller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<83::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets","volume":"88","author":"Greenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050823","article-title":"Variability in the serotonin transporter gene and increased risk for major depression with melancholia","volume":"103","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x","article-title":"Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00038","article-title":"The heritability of depressive symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Happonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<1::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to mood disorders","volume":"81","author":"Hohe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000782","article-title":"Association of a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene with anxiety-related temperament and behavior problems in children","volume":"5","author":"Jorm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib27","series-title":"Intelligence Testing with the WISC-R","author":"Kaufman","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040009001","article-title":"A population-based twin study of major depression in women. The impact of varying definitions of illness","volume":"49","author":"Kendler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.39","article-title":"A population-based twin study of life-time major depression in men and women","volume":"56","author":"Kendler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950180073010","article-title":"Family study of early onset dysthymia","volume":"52","author":"Klein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib31","series-title":"Children's Depression Inventory","author":"Kovacs","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib31a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199005000-00017","article-title":"Normal controls and biological reference values in child psychiatry: Defining normal","volume":"29","author":"Kruesi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001212","article-title":"Association of D4 dopamine receptor gene and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms with infants' response to novelty","volume":"8","author":"Lakatos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib33","series-title":"Behavioral Genetics in the Postgenomic Era","first-page":"389","article-title":"Neuroticism and serotonin: A developmental genetic perspective","author":"Lesch","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527","article-title":"Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region","volume":"274","author":"Lesch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.3.294","article-title":"The genetics of depression and manic depressive disorder","volume":"155","author":"McGuffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001326","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms and personality in healthy adults","volume":"8","author":"Munafo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00008","article-title":"Increased prevalence and earlier onset of mood disorders among relatives of prepubertal versus adult probands","volume":"36","author":"Neuman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199911000-00014","article-title":"Effects of serotonin transporter promoter genotype on platelet serotonin transporter functionality in depressed children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Nobile","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00112-7","article-title":"Functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter promoter at the SCL64A locus and mood disorders","volume":"44","author":"Ohara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.1.149","article-title":"Genetic Power Calculator","volume":"19","author":"Purcell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10064","article-title":"Family-based and case-control association studies of catechol-O-methyltransferase in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder suggest genetic sexual dimorphism","volume":"118B","author":"Qian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib42","series-title":"The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents\u2014Revised","author":"Reich","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1086\/301714","article-title":"A sibship test for linkage in the presence of association","volume":"62","author":"Spielman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib44","first-page":"506","article-title":"Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium","volume":"52","author":"Spielman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.2.259","article-title":"A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood","volume":"165","author":"Thapar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(02)00013-5","article-title":"Etiology and genetics of early-onset mood disorders","volume":"11","author":"Todd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199311000-00008","article-title":"Genetic studies of affective disorders","volume":"32","author":"Todd","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90024-9","article-title":"Early onset major depression in parents and their children","volume":"15","author":"Weissman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Affective Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199809000-00013","article-title":"Onset of psychopathology in offspring by developmental phase and parental depression","volume":"37","author":"Wickramaratne","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322304006183?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322304006183?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T00:27:45Z","timestamp":1585873665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322304006183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322304006183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}