{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:11:04Z","timestamp":1776697864867,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,24]],"date-time":"2006-04-24T22:11:30Z","timestamp":1145916690000},"page":"760-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["The Benzodiazepine Alprazolam Dissociates Contextual Fear from Cued Fear in Humans as Assessed by Fear-potentiated Startle"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Grillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.P.","family":"Baas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Lissek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1011-8","article-title":"Benzodiazepines have no effect on fear-potentiated startle in humans","volume":"161","author":"Baas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.11.1247","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory","volume":"55","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300303","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of diazepam on the fear-potentiated startle reflex and the fear-inhibited light reflex in man","volume":"13","author":"Bitsios","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(01)00180-5","article-title":"Stimulus-preceding negativity induced by fear: A manifestation of affective anticipation","volume":"43","author":"Bocker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00043","article-title":"The psychophysiology of anxiety disorders: Fear memory imagery","volume":"40","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00288-1","article-title":"Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90102-V","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis","volume":"58","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib8","first-page":"150","article-title":"Startle and spider phobia: Unilateral probes and the prediction of treatment effects","volume":"10","author":"de Jong","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100914","article-title":"The light-enhanced startle paradigm as a putative animal model of anxiety: Effects of chlordiazepoxide, flesonoxan and fluvoxamine","volume":"159","author":"de Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib10","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID)","author":"First","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.058206","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects of escitalopram, citalopram, and R-citalopram in maternally separated mouse pups","volume":"308","author":"Fish","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(98)00028-1","article-title":"Lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis block sensitization of acoustic startle reflex produced by repeated stress, but not fear-potentiated startle","volume":"22","author":"Gewirtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299970634","article-title":"Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects","volume":"36","author":"Globisch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105051528","article-title":"Effects of lorazepam on fear-potentiated startle responses in man","volume":"19","author":"Graham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(97)00072-X","article-title":"Effects of threat of shock, shock electrode placement, and darkness on startle","volume":"28","author":"Grillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90040-X","article-title":"Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients","volume":"35","author":"Grillon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle in humans: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex","volume":"28","author":"Grillon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02055.x","article-title":"Measuring the time-course of anxiety using the fear-potentiated startle reflex","volume":"30","author":"Grillon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1164-5","article-title":"Comments on the use of the startle reflex in psychopharmacological challenges: Impact of baseline startle on measurement of fear-potentiated startle","volume":"164","author":"Grillon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.5.916","article-title":"Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events","volume":"118","author":"Grillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02389.x","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: Explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training","volume":"34","author":"Grillon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.134","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"108","author":"Grillon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.812","article-title":"Effect of darkness on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with PTSD","volume":"155","author":"Grillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00034-1","article-title":"Effects of experimental context and explicit threat cues on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"44","author":"Grillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00466-0","article-title":"Darkness facilitates the acoustic startle in humans","volume":"42","author":"Grillon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200009000-00006","article-title":"Contextual fear conditioning and baseline startle responses in the rat fear-potentiated startle test: A comparison of benzodiazepine\/gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonists","volume":"11","author":"Guscott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02366.x","article-title":"Affective learning: Awareness and aversion","volume":"33","author":"Hamm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.2.443","article-title":"Chemical lesion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis blocks the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress","volume":"118","author":"Hammack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245833","article-title":"Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs","volume":"118","author":"Hijzen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00343-8","article-title":"Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology","volume":"61","author":"Lang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90286-W","article-title":"Effects of septal lesions on fear-potentiated startle, and on the anxiolytic effects of buspirone and diazepan","volume":"49","author":"Melia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747508400480","article-title":"The role of background stimuli during Pavlovian conditioning","volume":"27","author":"Odling-Smee","year":"1975","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025758411370","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle and posttraumatic stress symptoms in urban police officers","volume":"16","author":"Pole","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00087-2","article-title":"The H1- and H2-histamine blockers chlorpheniramine and ranitidine applied to the nucleus basalis magnocellularis region modulate anxiety and reinforcement related processes","volume":"37","author":"Privou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100816","article-title":"Differential effects of alprazolam on the baseline and fear-potentiated startle reflex in humans: A dose-response study","volume":"157","author":"Riba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105053285","article-title":"Diazepam suppresses the acquisition but not the expression of \u201cfear-potentiation\u201d of the acoustic startle response in man","volume":"19","author":"Scaife","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib38","series-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9375","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09375.1997","article-title":"Double dissociation between the involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in startle increases produced by conditioned versus unconditioned fear","volume":"17","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00441-6","article-title":"Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats","volume":"42","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100913","article-title":"Light-enhanced startle: Further pharmacological and behavioral characterization","volume":"159","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1213-0","article-title":"Quantifying fear potentiated startle using absolute versus proportional increase scoring methods: Implications for the neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety","volume":"164","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01282-2","article-title":"Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety","volume":"463","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322306001375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322306001375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T15:57:46Z","timestamp":1762099066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322306001375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322306001375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Benzodiazepine Alprazolam Dissociates Contextual Fear from Cued Fear in Humans as Assessed by Fear-potentiated Startle","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}