{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:45:41Z","timestamp":1791308741038,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,17]],"date-time":"2007-02-17T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1171713807000},"page":"565-572","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Clinical Outcomes of Laboratory-Observed Preschool Behavioral Disinhibition at Five-Year Follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Dina R.","family":"Hirshfeld-Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Biederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aude","family":"Henin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie A.","family":"Micco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"van Grondelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianne","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold F.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950140032004","article-title":"Switching from \u2019unipolar\u2019 to bipolar II: An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients","volume":"52","author":"Akiskal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.49","article-title":"Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in a large sample of high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression: A controlled study","volume":"158","author":"Biederman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199904000-00021","article-title":"Further evidence of a bidirectional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children","volume":"38","author":"Biederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00906-9","article-title":"Parsing the association betwen bipolar, conduct, and substance use disorders: A familial risk analysis","volume":"48","author":"Biederman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1673","article-title":"Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children","volume":"158","author":"Biederman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00911-2","article-title":"Pediatric mania: A developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?","volume":"48","author":"Biederman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199507000-00019","article-title":"Do children aged 9 through 11 years understand the DISC version 2.25 questions?","volume":"34","author":"Breton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00912183","article-title":"Stimulus-seeking behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children","volume":"11","author":"Brimer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90100-X","article-title":"Childhood behavior problems and bipolar disorder: Relationship or coincidence?","volume":"28","author":"Carlson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/1131190","article-title":"Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen","volume":"66","author":"Caspi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830110071009","article-title":"Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders","volume":"53","author":"Caspi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2307\/1131592","article-title":"Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort","volume":"66","author":"Caspi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200004000-00014","article-title":"Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014","article-title":"A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal","volume":"44","author":"Cloninger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","article-title":"A psychobiological model of temperament and character","volume":"50","author":"Cloninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60943-2","article-title":"Offspring of patients with affective disorders: II","volume":"21","author":"Cytryn","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.30607.x","article-title":"Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents","volume":"3","author":"DelBello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.002325","article-title":"Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorder","volume":"40","author":"Depue","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001375","article-title":"Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament","volume":"9","author":"Derryberry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00391-3","article-title":"Measures of attention and hyperactivity symptoms in a high-risk sample of children of bipolar parents","volume":"67","author":"Duffy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2307\/1130193","article-title":"Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child","volume":"56","author":"Edelbrock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046878.27264.12","article-title":"Prospective study of prodromal features for bipolarity in well Amish children","volume":"42","author":"Egeland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229509017185","article-title":"Pediatric-onset bipolar disorder: A neglected clinical and public health problem","volume":"3","author":"Faedda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01282.x","article-title":"Determinants of reliability in psychiatric surveys of children aged 6\u201311 years: A test-retest study","volume":"35","author":"Fallon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199508000-00009","article-title":"How reliable are maternal reports of their children\u2019s psychopathology?","volume":"34","author":"Faraone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/10445460252943533","article-title":"DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls","volume":"12","author":"Geller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib27","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septohippocampal System","author":"Gray","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib28","first-page":"61","article-title":"The neuropsychiatry of anxiety: Reprise","volume":"43","author":"Gray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nebr Symp Motiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(89)90071-2","article-title":"Psychopathology in children aged 10-17 of bipolar parents: Psychopathology rate and correlates of the severity of the psychopathology","volume":"16","author":"Grigoroiu-Serbanescu","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib30","article-title":"Childhood antecedent disorders to bipolar disorder in adults: A controlled study","author":"Henin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib31","unstructured":"Hirshfeld-Becker D, Biederman J, Henin A, Faraone S, Davis S, Harrington K (in press): Laboratory-observed behavioral inhibition in preschool children at-risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety: A five-year follow-up. J Dev Behav Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00316-0","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology: Implications for pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"53","author":"Hirshfeld-Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01299-9","article-title":"Temperamental correlates of disruptive behavior disorders in young children: Preliminary findings","volume":"50","author":"Hirshfeld-Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.2.265","article-title":"Laboratory-observed behavioral disinhibition in the young offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A high-risk pilot study","volume":"163","author":"Hirshfeld-Becker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199201000-00016","article-title":"Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder","volume":"31","author":"Hirshfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib36","series-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Position","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002369","article-title":"Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance-use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study","volume":"11","author":"Iacono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib38","series-title":"Matching Familiar Figures Test","author":"Kagan","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353713","article-title":"Biological bases of childhood shyness","volume":"240","author":"Kagan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01129-5","article-title":"Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective","volume":"49","author":"Kessler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1131849","article-title":"Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age","volume":"68","author":"Kochanska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2307\/1131828","article-title":"Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization","volume":"67","author":"Kochanska","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950050025003","article-title":"Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder","volume":"51","author":"Kovacs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.3.411","article-title":"Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum","volume":"111","author":"Krueger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.220","article-title":"On inhibition\/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy","volume":"126","author":"Nigg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib46","series-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic, 4th version","author":"Orvaschel","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib47","series-title":"Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (Kiddie-SADS)","author":"Puig-Antich","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199201000-00011","article-title":"Young children of affectively ill parents: A longitudinal study of psychosocial development","volume":"31","author":"Radke-Yarrow","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.745","article-title":"Fearlessness, stimulation-seeking and large body size at age 3 years as early predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years","volume":"55","author":"Raine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810230019003","article-title":"Relationships between CNS and ANS measures of arousal at age 15 and criminality at age 24","volume":"47","author":"Raine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.12.2002","article-title":"A controlled study of behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and depression","volume":"157","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.1.55","article-title":"Temperament and the development of personality","volume":"103","author":"Rothbart","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib53","first-page":"21","article-title":"Temperament and social behavior in childhood","volume":"40","author":"Rothbart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.7.1048","article-title":"Reliability of diagnostic reporting for children aged 6\u201311 years: A test-retest study of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised","volume":"151","author":"Schwab-Stone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083703","article-title":"Inhibited and uninhibited infants \u201cgrown up\u201d: Adult amygdalar response to novelty","volume":"300","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib58","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Non-Patient Edition (SCID-NP, Version 1.0)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib59","series-title":"Stata User\u2019s Guide: Release 8","author":"Stata","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009","article-title":"Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior","volume":"51","author":"Tremblay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib61","first-page":"4","article-title":"Childhood mania exists (and coexists) with ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Wozniak","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Progress Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00217-2","article-title":"Heterogeneity of childhood conduct disorder: Further evidence of a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder","volume":"64","author":"Wozniak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<684::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition","volume":"96","author":"Young","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.4.506","article-title":"A follow-up investigation of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder","volume":"145","author":"Zahn-Waxler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917238","article-title":"Self-regulation of stimulation for ADD-H children during reading and vigilance task performance","volume":"15","author":"Zentall","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322306013424?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322306013424?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T07:23:05Z","timestamp":1547018585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322306013424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322306013424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}