{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:58:01Z","timestamp":1791892681166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009273","name":"Cogito Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DK: PP00P1-123381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK: PP00P1-123381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,16]],"date-time":"2009-11-16T09:21:58Z","timestamp":1258363318000},"page":"702-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Dopamine Receptor D4 Polymorphism Predicts the Effect of L-DOPA on Gambling Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Eisenegger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Knoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Ebstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena R.R.","family":"Gianotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Fehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408317009","article-title":"Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior","volume":"14","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","article-title":"Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion","volume":"8","author":"Everitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens D2\/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement","volume":"315","author":"Dalley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796003789","article-title":"Altered dopamine function in pathological gambling","volume":"27","author":"Bergh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32826fbc8f","article-title":"Medication-related impulse control and repetitive behaviors in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Voon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.9.noc50009","article-title":"Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Dodd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<869::AID-MDS1016>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Pathologic gambling in Parkinson's disease: A behavioral manifestation of pharmacologic treatment?","volume":"15","author":"Molina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.031","article-title":"Personality, addiction, dopamine: Insights from Parkinson's disease","volume":"61","author":"Dagher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<358::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviours: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse","volume":"88","author":"Comings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib10","first-page":"345","article-title":"Genetic association study between pathological gambling and a functional DNA polymorphism at the D4 receptor gene","volume":"7","author":"Perez de Castro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/358149a0","article-title":"Multiple dopamine-D4 receptor variants in the human-population","volume":"358","author":"Vantol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.767","article-title":"A hypervariable segment in the human dopamine receptor D(4) (DRD4) gene","volume":"2","author":"Lichter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D-4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"158","author":"Faraone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024","article-title":"Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Faraone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl152","article-title":"Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.027","article-title":"Association between DRD4 gene and performance of children with ADHD in a test of sustained attention","volume":"60","author":"Kieling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.133","article-title":"Association of the dopamine D-4 receptor gene 7-repeat allele with neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD","volume":"161","author":"Langley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93689511.x","article-title":"Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity","volume":"93","author":"Steel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239509149623","article-title":"Impulse control disorders and attention deficit disorder in pathological gamblers","volume":"7","author":"Specker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-9159-4","article-title":"z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments","volume":"10","author":"Fischbacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","article-title":"High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success","volume":"72","author":"Tangney","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2307\/1126437","article-title":"Risk-taking in children\u2014age and sex differences","volume":"37","author":"Slovic","year":"1966","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121218","article-title":"Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans","volume":"311","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(71)90039-6","article-title":"Action of sedatives on brain stem oculomotor systems in man","volume":"10","author":"Norris","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib26","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e3181602fab","article-title":"Effects of low to moderate acute doses of pramipexole on impulsivity and cognition in healthy volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Hamidovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001082","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between DRD4 polymorphism and novelty seeking","volume":"7","author":"Kluger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30557","article-title":"Analysis of DRD4 and DAT polymorphisms and behavioral inhibition in healthy adults: Implications for impulsivity","volume":"147B","author":"Congdon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003","article-title":"Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies","volume":"32","author":"Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.025","article-title":"Novelty seeking involved in mediating the association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism and heavy drinking in male adolescents: Results from a high-risk community sample","volume":"61","author":"Laucht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070018","article-title":"The dopaminergic system in hypertension","volume":"112","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.659","article-title":"Psychological and biological foundations of time preference","volume":"7","author":"Daly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Econ Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.04.010","article-title":"Association between a dopamine-4 receptor polymorphism and blood pressure","volume":"18","author":"Sen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.18003","article-title":"Domperidone: A peripherally acting dopamine(2)-receptor antagonist","volume":"33","author":"Barone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005491","article-title":"Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers","volume":"146","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.2.155","article-title":"Reward discounting as a measure of impulsive behavior in a psychiatric outpatient population","volume":"8","author":"Crean","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.16.2.124","article-title":"Dimensions of impulsive behavior in adolescents: Laboratory behavioral assessments","volume":"16","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-3-2","article-title":"Examining impulsivity as an endophenotype using a behavioral approach: A DRD2 TaqI A and DRD4 48-bp VNTR association study","volume":"3","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.006","article-title":"Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: Meta-analysis and new data","volume":"63","author":"Munafo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.11.001","article-title":"The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D-4 gene (DRD4) is associated with financial risk taking in men","volume":"30","author":"Dreber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004362","article-title":"Genetic determinants of financial risk taking","volume":"4","author":"Kuhnen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322309011238?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322309011238?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T18:36:27Z","timestamp":1588790187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322309011238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322309011238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}