{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:43:12Z","timestamp":1791142992524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Mental Health Foundation"},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research Clinician Scientist Award"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellowship"},{"name":"Constance and Stephen Lieber"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]],"date-time":"2009-11-18T13:53:14Z","timestamp":1258552394000},"page":"458-464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Evidence of Cortical Inhibitory Deficits in Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Levinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Favalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Blumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Daigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafiris J.","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301234","article-title":"GABAergic neurons immunoreactive for calcium binding proteins are reduced in the prefrontal cortex in major depression","volume":"32","author":"Rajkowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.663","article-title":"Increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations in depressed patients after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"159","author":"Sanacora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.7.705","article-title":"Subtype-specific alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression","volume":"61","author":"Sanacora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.577","article-title":"Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT","volume":"160","author":"Sanacora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.368","article-title":"Increased brain GABA concentrations following acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 10.1176\/appi. ajp. 161.2.368","volume":"161","author":"Bhagwagar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","author":"Kujirai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.10.1951","article-title":"Magnetic brain stimulation: The silent period after the motor evoked potential","volume":"42","author":"Cantello","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400306","article-title":"Effects of antiepileptic drugs on motor cortex excitability in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study (see comments)","volume":"40","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018080","article-title":"Paired-pulse depression of monosynaptic GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic responses in rat hippocampus","volume":"424","author":"Davies","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230207","article-title":"On the origin of the postexcitatory inhibition seen after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in awake human subjects","volume":"94","author":"Roick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.6.1698","article-title":"Effects of the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"67","author":"Thompson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0591t.x","article-title":"Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans","volume":"517","author":"Werhahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199809)21:9<1209::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions induced a marked increase of the transcranially evoked silent period in a patient with generalized dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Siebner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002032","article-title":"Increased cortical inhibition in depression: A prolonged silent period with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)","volume":"30","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1449","article-title":"Parkinson's disease rigidity: Magnetic motor evoked potentials in a small hand muscle","volume":"41","author":"Cantello","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.09.014","article-title":"Motor cortical excitability and clinical response to rTMS in depression","volume":"82","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.03.001","article-title":"Inter-hemispheric asymmetry of motor corticospinal excitability in major depression studied by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib18","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib19","series-title":"Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Treatment resistant depression","author":"Thase","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050640","article-title":"Complete suppression of voluntary motor drive during the silent period after transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"124","author":"Tergau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00038-5","article-title":"An automated method to determine the transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced contralateral silent period","volume":"114","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.017673","article-title":"The mechanisms of interhemispheric inhibition in the human motor cortex","volume":"543","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.025","article-title":"Amino acid neurotransmitters assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Relationship to treatment resistance in major depressive disorder","volume":"65","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.002","article-title":"State of the art: Pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Paulus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03628.2001","article-title":"Bidirectional dopamine modulation of GABAergic inhibition in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons","volume":"21","author":"Seamans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.07.002","article-title":"Effects of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy on motor cortical excitability in depressive patients","volume":"40","author":"Bajbouj","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31815cbaa1","article-title":"The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on GABAergic function in major depressive patients","volume":"24","author":"Esel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00225-1","article-title":"GABAergic interneurons: Implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"25","author":"Benes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0472-0","article-title":"The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical inhibition in healthy human subjects","volume":"174","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.1002","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"O'Reardon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib32","first-page":"243","article-title":"Motor system excitability in healthy children: Developmental aspects from transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Moll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.881","article-title":"Effects of phenytoin on cortical excitability in humans","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01294721","article-title":"The glutamate antagonist riluzole suppresses intracortical facilitation","volume":"104","author":"Liepert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1320","article-title":"Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex","volume":"51","author":"Ziemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)00050-7","article-title":"Changes in human motor cortex excitability induced by dopaminergic and anti-dopaminergic drugs","volume":"105","author":"Ziemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810030049007","article-title":"Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression","volume":"46","author":"Baxter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00209-2","article-title":"Single photon emission tomography with 99m Tc-HMPAO in Arab patients with depression","volume":"55","author":"Abou-Saleh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01219-6","article-title":"Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression","volume":"348","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1752","article-title":"Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: A placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"154","author":"George","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1277","article-title":"Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"154","author":"Ziemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.142","article-title":"Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"54","author":"Greenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.4.347","article-title":"Evidence for impaired cortical inhibition in schizophrenia using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"59","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e31814ce524","article-title":"Cortical inhibitory dysfunction in bipolar disorder: A study using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Levinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.22","article-title":"Long-interval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A TMS-EEG study","volume":"33","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322309011524?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322309011524?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T15:58:30Z","timestamp":1685203110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322309011524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322309011524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}}}