{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:35:10Z","timestamp":1790476510014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","award":["R01 AA019691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA019691"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","award":["R01 AA012207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA012207"]}]},{"name":"National Council on Research Resources","award":["M01 RR014467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M01 RR014467"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,23]],"date-time":"2011-11-23T15:25:11Z","timestamp":1322061911000},"page":"344-349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":226,"title":["Lifetime Adversity Leads to Blunted Stress Axis Reactivity: Studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Lovallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha H.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen H.","family":"Sorocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Cohoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Thymus and adrenals in the response of the organism to injuries and intoxications","volume":"17","author":"Selye","year":"1936","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.4\/bmcewen","article-title":"Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: Central role of the brain","volume":"8","author":"McEwen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.11.009","article-title":"The influence of multiple indices of socioeconomic disadvantage across the adult life course on the metabolic syndrome: The Vietnam Experience Study","volume":"59","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2009.00205.x","article-title":"Are large physiological reactions to acute psychological stress always bad for health?","volume":"3","author":"Carroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Personality Psychol Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.01.006","article-title":"Do low levels of stress reactivity signal poor states of health?","volume":"86","author":"Lovallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib6","series-title":"Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms","first-page":"227","article-title":"Individual differences in response to stress and risk for addiction","author":"Lovallo","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.575","article-title":"Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse","volume":"158","author":"Heim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib8","first-page":"6","article-title":"Corticosteroid receptors: A dynamic interplay between protein folding and homeostatic control","volume":"35","author":"Caamano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008","article-title":"The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans","volume":"33","author":"Heim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq037","article-title":"Early environment affects neuroendocrine regulation in adulthood","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.002","article-title":"Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment","volume":"62","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2007-4","article-title":"Effect of childhood physical abuse on cortisol stress response","volume":"214","author":"Carpenter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.03.009","article-title":"Dex\/CRH test cortisol response in outpatients with major depression and matched healthy controls","volume":"34","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.04.011","article-title":"Effects of childhood trauma on HPA-axis reactivity in women free of lifetime psychopathology","volume":"33","author":"Klaassens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02397.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors","volume":"34","author":"al'Absi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib16","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib17","first-page":"97","article-title":"Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans","volume":"54","author":"Czeisler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2003.09.005","article-title":"Fast glucocorticoid feedback favors \u2018the munchies\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Dallman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(88)90024-8","article-title":"Computerized administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule","volume":"23","author":"Blouin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","article-title":"Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene","volume":"301","author":"Caspi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290","article-title":"Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children","volume":"297","author":"Caspi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib22","first-page":"22","article-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.02.015","article-title":"Use of a resting control day in measuring the cortisol response to mental stress: Diurnal patterns, time of day, and gender effects","volume":"35","author":"Lovallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01917.x","article-title":"Premenopausal and postmenopausal women differ in their cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stressors","volume":"26","author":"Saab","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(80)90033-1","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort","volume":"24","author":"Lundberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.11.004","article-title":"Diminished cortisol responses to psychosocial stress associated with lifetime adverse events a study among healthy young subjects","volume":"33","author":"Elzinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.04.008","article-title":"Childhood parental divorce and cortisol in young adulthood: Evidence for mediation by family income","volume":"34","author":"Kraft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.014","article-title":"Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: Results of the youth mood project","volume":"66","author":"MacMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20795","article-title":"Gender differences in the effect of early life trauma on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning","volume":"28","author":"DeSantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib31","series-title":"The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis","first-page":"213","article-title":"The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety","author":"Davis","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib32","first-page":"42","article-title":"The effect of hippocampal lesions on recent memory","author":"Milner","year":"1955","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158136","article-title":"High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking","volume":"320","author":"Belin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000151487.05506.dc","article-title":"Is there a functional neural correlate of individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity?","volume":"67","author":"Gianaros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.073","article-title":"A review of neuroimaging studies of stressor-evoked blood pressure reactivity: Emerging evidence for a brain-body pathway to coronary heart disease risk","volume":"47","author":"Gianaros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn003","article-title":"Potential neural embedding of parental social standing","volume":"3","author":"Gianaros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.52","article-title":"Early-life stress induces long-term morphologic changes in primate brain","volume":"66","author":"Spinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(99)00015-5","article-title":"Social separation in infant Cebus apella: Patterns of behavioral and cortisol response","volume":"17","author":"Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0526-08.2008","article-title":"Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: Evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress","volume":"28","author":"Champagne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62132-9","article-title":"Long-term behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience","volume":"122","author":"Ladd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00166-5","article-title":"Persistent central nervous system effects of an adverse early environment: Clinical and preclinical studies","volume":"79","author":"Gutman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161","article-title":"Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations","volume":"24","author":"Meaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00007-0","article-title":"Age at first intercourse is inversely related to female cortisol stress reactivity","volume":"27","author":"Brody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32508.x","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system factors underlying disinhibited, antisocial, and violent behavior","volume":"794","author":"Raine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200009000-00005","article-title":"Stress and body shape: Stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat","volume":"62","author":"Epel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2309","article-title":"Association between the metabolic syndrome and serum cortisol in overweight Latino youth","volume":"93","author":"Weigensberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.0866","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function: Relative contributions of perceived stress and obesity in women","volume":"17","author":"Farag","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.12.011","article-title":"Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates","volume":"78","author":"Cima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000319501.97864.d5","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse by a family member, salivary cortisol, and homicidal behavior of female prison inmates","volume":"57","author":"Brewer-Smyth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0202_6","article-title":"Effect of trait hostility on cardiovascular responses to harassment in young men","volume":"2","author":"Everson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000030390.34416.3E","article-title":"Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: Conceptual and measurement considerations","volume":"65","author":"Kamarck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200301000-00007","article-title":"Cardiovascular reactivity and development of preclinical and clinical disease States","volume":"65","author":"Treiber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181c484dc","article-title":"Subjective socioeconomic status and presence of the metabolic syndrome in midlife community volunteers","volume":"72","author":"Manuck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31817b9382","article-title":"Body mass index, abdominal adiposity, obesity, and cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress in a large community sample","volume":"70","author":"Carroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00281.x","article-title":"Neuroticism, cortisol reactivity, and antibody response to vaccination","volume":"42","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322311009991?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322311009991?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T14:06:22Z","timestamp":1639749982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322311009991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322311009991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}}}