{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:40:20Z","timestamp":1791409220123,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DA022455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA022455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T05:13:29Z","timestamp":1327986809000},"page":"677-683","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Dopamine Release in Chronic Cannabis Users: A [11C]Raclopride Positron Emission Tomography Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Nina B.L.","family":"Urban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Slifstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy L.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragy R.","family":"Girgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Raheja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Haney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Abi-Dargham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib1","series-title":"Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393","article-title":"The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal","volume":"112","author":"Budney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9344874.x","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in male cannabis users not using other illicit drugs","volume":"93","author":"Troisi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961116037.x","article-title":"Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: A comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis","volume":"96","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn108","article-title":"Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis","volume":"34","author":"Henquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.006","article-title":"Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"56","author":"Pistis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.6.694","article-title":"Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use","volume":"65","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib9","first-page":"99","article-title":"The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Schweinsburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01062a046","article-title":"Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish","volume":"86","author":"Gaoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00278-4","article-title":"delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol excites rat VTA dopamine neurons through activation of cannabinoid CB1 but not opioid receptors","volume":"226","author":"French","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01442-8","article-title":"Cannabinoids activate mesolimbic dopamine neurons by an action on cannabinoid CB1 receptors","volume":"341","author":"Gessa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90749-4","article-title":"The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on potassium-evoked release of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus: an in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"451","author":"Ng Cheong Ton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245916","article-title":"Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces naloxone-blockable enhancement of presynaptic basal dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats as measured by intracerebral microdialysis","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000236853.40221.8e","article-title":"Cannabinoid self-administration increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"17","author":"Fadda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2003","article-title":"Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signaling","volume":"83","author":"Freund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05327.1997","article-title":"Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor","volume":"17","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00104-4","article-title":"Cannabis induced dopamine release: An in-vivo SPECT study","volume":"107","author":"Voruganti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.138","article-title":"Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum","volume":"34","author":"Bossong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.029","article-title":"Can recreational doses of THC produce significant dopamine release in the human striatum?","volume":"48","author":"Stokes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110382465","article-title":"Does intravenous {triangleup}9-tetrahydrocannabinol increase dopamine release?","volume":"25","author":"Barkus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2009_34","article-title":"Imaging neurotransmitter release by drugs of abuse","volume":"3","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.044","article-title":"Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum","volume":"58","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.622","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced dopamine release: markedly blunted in cocaine dependence and predictive of the choice to self-administer cocaine","volume":"164","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/386830a0","article-title":"Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects","volume":"386","author":"Volkow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.226","article-title":"Excretion patterns of cannabinoid metabolites after last use in a group of chronic users","volume":"38","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1195","article-title":"Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM): Reliability for substance abusers","volume":"153","author":"Hasin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib28","series-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90022-3","article-title":"Comparison of two techniques to obtain retrospective reports of drinking behavior from alcohol abusers","volume":"7","author":"Maisto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902772579","article-title":"Challenges in quantifying marijuana use","volume":"18","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428897","article-title":"Attenuation of the euphoriant and activating effects of d- and l-amphetamine by lithium carbonate treatment","volume":"44","author":"Van Kammen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200109000-00002","article-title":"Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography: I","volume":"21","author":"Mawlawi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000048520.34839.1A","article-title":"Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography","volume":"23","author":"Martinez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2003.08.007","article-title":"Dopamine mediation of positive reinforcing effects of amphetamine in stimulant naive healthy volunteers: Results from a large cohort","volume":"13","author":"Abi-Dargham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.021","article-title":"The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale II: A ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model","volume":"85","author":"van der Gaag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1075-1","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism and D2\/D3 receptor availability in young adults with cannabis dependence measured with positron emission tomography","volume":"197","author":"Sevy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00043-2","article-title":"Imaging D2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in humans","volume":"17","author":"Laruelle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib39","first-page":"T19","article-title":"Measurement of in vivo affinity of [11C]NPA and the proportion of D2 receptors configured in agonist high affinity state (%Rhigh) in baboons using PET","volume":"22","author":"Narendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.005","article-title":"Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in young adults after oral alcohol challenge: A positron emission tomography imaging study with [11C]raclopride","volume":"68","author":"Urban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib41","series-title":"Marijuana: Facts parents need to know","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.009","article-title":"Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence","volume":"32","author":"Kadden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib43","article-title":"Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers [published online ahead of print July 12]","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050748","article-title":"Imaging dopamine transmission in cocaine dependence: Link between neurochemistry and response to treatment","volume":"168","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib45","article-title":"Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers [published online ahead of print July 12]","author":"Hirvonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06002.x","article-title":"Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users","volume":"42","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110303","article-title":"Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers","volume":"11","author":"Volkow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib48","series-title":"The Monitoring the Future national survey results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2009","author":"Johnston","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000","article-title":"Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum","volume":"20","author":"Haber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322311012601?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322311012601?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T22:26:17Z","timestamp":1561242377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322311012601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322311012601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}}}