{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:09:01Z","timestamp":1792303741920,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,19]],"date-time":"2013-10-19T01:00:47Z","timestamp":1382144447000},"page":"324-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"title":["Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and Psychosis: A Search for Peripheral Markers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Veerle","family":"Bergink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead M.","family":"Gibney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemmo A.","family":"Drexhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.5","article-title":"Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Yolken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030516","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: A 30-year population-based register study","volume":"168","author":"Benros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01542-3","article-title":"HIV-1 and the brain: Connections between HIV-1-associated dementia, neuropathology and neuroimmunology","volume":"4","author":"Lawrence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004","article-title":"Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Block","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib5","first-page":"237","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS","volume":"30","author":"Dube","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600879204","article-title":"Brain CD8+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are associated with, and may be specific for, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Petito","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn054","article-title":"Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of pathogens: Cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"35","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130476","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: Report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs","volume":"69","author":"Bertsias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0712-3","article-title":"Psychotic reaction as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis relapse treated with plasma exchange","volume":"33","author":"Gabelic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01076.x","article-title":"Molecular mimicry as an inducing trigger for CNS autoimmune demyelinating disease","volume":"245","author":"Chastain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90244-F","article-title":"Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky\u2019s postulates revisited)","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.01.043","article-title":"Paraneoplastic encephalitis presenting as postpartum psychosis","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.421","article-title":"Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis presenting as postpartum psychosis in a young woman, treated with rituximab","volume":"32","author":"Shaaban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.05.006","article-title":"Investigation of antibodies against synaptic proteins in a cross-sectional cohort of psychotic patients","volume":"140","author":"Haussleiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.86","article-title":"Increased prevalence of diverse N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antibodies in patients with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia: Specific relevance of IgG NR1a antibodies for distinction from N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor encephalitis","volume":"70","author":"Steiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.23.2.E32","article-title":"Voltage-gated, potassium-channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis presenting as acute psychosis","volume":"23","author":"Ganguli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10l06510","article-title":"Voltage-gated potassium channel\/LGI1 antibody-associated encephalopathy may cause brief psychotic disorder","volume":"72","author":"Tebartz van Elst","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600863472","article-title":"Coeliac disease and risk of schizophrenia and other psychosis: A general population cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00853.x","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and non-affective psychosis","volume":"12","author":"Eaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000237316.09601.88","article-title":"Medical comorbidity in women and men with bipolar disorders: A population-based controlled study","volume":"68","author":"Carney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417","article-title":"Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients","volume":"156","author":"Cassidy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00520.x","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in a sample of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"10","author":"van Winkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.07.003","article-title":"A high prevalence of organ-specific autoimmunity in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"56","author":"Padmos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01217-3","article-title":"High rate of autoimmune thyroiditis in bipolar disorder: Lack of association with lithium exposure","volume":"51","author":"Kupka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.08.002","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in blood and cerebrospinal fluids of patients with psychosis","volume":"190","author":"Sokol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.021","article-title":"Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in recent-onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"Dickerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.11.007","article-title":"Markers of gluten sensitivity in acute mania: A longitudinal study","volume":"196","author":"Dickerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.10.005","article-title":"Signs of a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in female offspring of bipolar parents","volume":"17","author":"Hillegers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.041","article-title":"Is autoimmune thyroiditis part of the genetic vulnerability (or an endophenotype) for bipolar disorder?","volume":"62","author":"Vonk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1817","article-title":"Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib31","first-page":"927","article-title":"[Psychotic disorders: The need for staging]","volume":"54","author":"de Haan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.5.662","article-title":"Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses","volume":"150","author":"Kendell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.63.3.281","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy on autoimmune diseases","volume":"63","author":"Buyon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.46","article-title":"Immunity, thyroid function and pregnancy: Molecular mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Weetman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib35","first-page":"iii19","article-title":"Interaction between rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: Correlation of molecular data with clinical disease activity measures","volume":"47","author":"Haupl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.2.133","article-title":"Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: A prospective study of 78 pregnancies","volume":"35","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","article-title":"Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group","volume":"339","author":"Confavreux","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00479.x","article-title":"Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: Outcome and risk factors","volume":"101","author":"Schramm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69253-2","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"368","author":"Sliwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1351.006","article-title":"Stress system activity, innate and T helper cytokines, and susceptibility to immune-related diseases","volume":"1069","author":"Calcagni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.04.002","article-title":"Postpartum depression, an autoimmune disease?","volume":"6","author":"Gleicher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.006","article-title":"Immune system dysregulation in first-onset postpartum psychosis","volume":"73","author":"Bergink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00113-3","article-title":"Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain","volume":"117","author":"Alliot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.11.002","article-title":"The origin and cell lineage of microglia: New concepts","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00045","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of microglia","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2010","article-title":"Physiology of microglia","volume":"91","author":"Kettenmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.12.002","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia especially focused on the role of microglia","volume":"42","author":"Monji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.10.013","article-title":"Immunological aspects in the neurobiology of suicide: Elevated microglial density in schizophrenia and depression is associated with suicide","volume":"42","author":"Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0090-8","article-title":"Distribution of HLA-DR-positive microglia in schizophrenia reflects impaired cerebral lateralization","volume":"112","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.3.225","article-title":"Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the cerebral cortex in a sample of elderly patients with schizophrenia","volume":"55","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00545-5","article-title":"Evidence for activation of microglia in patients with psychiatric illnesses","volume":"271","author":"Bayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00104-9","article-title":"Absence of neurodegeneration in the thalamus and caudate of elderly patients with schizophrenia","volume":"93","author":"Falke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.2.137","article-title":"Increase in HLA-DR immunoreactive microglia in frontal and temporal cortex of chronic schizophrenics","volume":"59","author":"Radewicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02984-X","article-title":"Expression of CD40 in the brain of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurological diseases","volume":"885","author":"Togo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib56","first-page":"157","article-title":"Degeneration of microglial cells in frontal and temporal lobes of chronic schizophrenics","volume":"42","author":"Wierzba-Bobrowicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib57","first-page":"81","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of activated microglia, ramified and damage of processes in the frontal and temporal lobes of chronic schizophrenics","volume":"43","author":"Wierzba-Bobrowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.08.005","article-title":"Different distribution patterns of lymphocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of patients with residual versus paranoid schizophrenia: Further evidence for disease course-related immune alterations?","volume":"26","author":"Busse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.110","article-title":"Increased inflammatory markers identified in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Fillman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.95","article-title":"Different changes in cortical tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related pathways in schizophrenia and mood disorders","volume":"18","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.066647","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia-related psychosis: A PET study","volume":"50","author":"Doorduin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.025","article-title":"Microglia activation in recent-onset schizophrenia: A quantitative (R)-[11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography study","volume":"64","author":"van Berckel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10144","article-title":"Visualising microglial activation in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Banati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000026501","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction in schizophrenia: A systematic approach","volume":"37","author":"Rothermundt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001653","article-title":"An activated set point of T-cell and monocyte inflammatory networks in recent-onset schizophrenia patients involves both pro- and anti-inflammatory forces","volume":"14","author":"Drexhage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00598-6","article-title":"Leukocytes and organ-nonspecific autoantibodies in schizophrenics and their siblings: Markers of vulnerability or disease?","volume":"40","author":"Zorrilla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1725","article-title":"Accumulation of macrophages in the CSF of schizophrenic patients during acute psychotic episodes","volume":"156","author":"Nikkila","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.395","article-title":"A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes","volume":"65","author":"Padmos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710000799","article-title":"Inflammatory gene expression in monocytes of patients with schizophrenia: Overlap and difference with bipolar disorder. A study in naturalistically treated patients","volume":"13","author":"Drexhage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.010","article-title":"Serum and gene expression profile of cytokines in first-episode psychosis","volume":"31","author":"Di Nicola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00007-4","article-title":"Cytokine serum levels, autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction and surface marker analysis in never medicated and chronically medicated schizophrenic patients","volume":"47","author":"Theodoropoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.049","article-title":"Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia","volume":"198","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.07.009","article-title":"Endotoxin tolerance: New mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance","volume":"30","author":"Biswas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91163-0","article-title":"T-cell subsets in acute psychotic schizophrenic patients","volume":"35","author":"Achiron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.5.609","article-title":"Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: Deficient interleukin-2 production","volume":"146","author":"Villemain","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.06.004","article-title":"T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia in acute psychotic episode and the course of the treatment","volume":"152","author":"Maino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0098-x","article-title":"Acute schizophrenia is accompanied by reduced T cell and increased B cell immunity","volume":"260","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00299-I","article-title":"Cytokine production in drug-free and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients","volume":"38","author":"Bessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950200058014","article-title":"Mitogen-stimulated interleukin-2 production in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenic patients. The influence of age at onset and negative symptoms","volume":"52","author":"Ganguli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)00046-B","article-title":"Production of interferons and lymphokines in leukocyte cultures of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Hornberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000650","article-title":"Decreased in vitro production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in whole blood of patients with schizophrenia during treatment","volume":"5","author":"Arolt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.11.007","article-title":"Decreased T cellular immune response in schizophrenic patients","volume":"41","author":"Riedel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000692","article-title":"Altered T-cell function in schizophrenia: A cellular model to investigate molecular disease mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Craddock","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: Clinical status and antipsychotic effects","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.007","article-title":"Cytokine alterations in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of 30 studies","volume":"74","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.024","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: A systematic quantitative review","volume":"63","author":"Potvin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08r04505","article-title":"Inflammation and the phenomenology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, and treatment of bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.08.003","article-title":"Affective symptoms are associated with markers of inflammation and immune activation in bipolar disorders but not in schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Hope","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.39","article-title":"Neurobiological trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder","volume":"14","author":"Langan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.04.001","article-title":"Increased level of serum cytokines, chemokines and adipokines in patients with schizophrenia is associated with disease and metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Beumer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228261","article-title":"Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice","volume":"339","author":"Giovanoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn022","article-title":"A review of the fetal brain cytokine imbalance hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.03.005","article-title":"Effects of prenatal infection on brain development and behavior: A review of findings from animal models","volume":"24","author":"Boksa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib94","first-page":"183","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Boksa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00063","article-title":"Exposure to prenatal infection and risk of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1100","article-title":"Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia","volume":"156","author":"Suvisaari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.022","article-title":"Maternal exposure to herpes simplex virus and risk of psychosis among adult offspring","volume":"63","author":"Buka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.06.010","article-title":"A Danish National Birth Cohort study of maternal HSV-2 antibodies as a risk factor for schizophrenia in their offspring","volume":"122","author":"Mortensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.4.324","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands","volume":"172","author":"van Os","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-71","article-title":"Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: A cohort prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Malaspina","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00039-4","article-title":"Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: The basis of the \u201ctwo hit hypothesis\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Bayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006887","article-title":"Neural development, cell-cell signaling, and the \u201ctwo-hit\u201d hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Maynard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2006.03.003","article-title":"Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression","volume":"24","author":"Dantzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq112","article-title":"Impaired kynurenine pathway metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Sathyasaikumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322313009463?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322313009463?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1688558967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322313009463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322313009463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}}}