{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:42:48Z","timestamp":1793781768289,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T14:10:35Z","timestamp":1562076635000},"page":"82-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["Medication Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Pharmacology of methadone and its isomers","volume":"71","author":"Inturrisi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00056-5","article-title":"The clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: Extrapolating from the laboratory to the clinic","volume":"70","author":"Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503","article-title":"A\u00a033-year follow-up of narcotic addicts","volume":"58","author":"Hser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01012.x","article-title":"Reconsidering the evaluation of addiction treatment: From retrospective follow-up to concurrent recovery monitoring","volume":"100","author":"McLellan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02627.x","article-title":"Comparing retention in treatment and mortality in people after initial entry to methadone and buprenorphine treatment","volume":"104","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00354.x","article-title":"Does retention matter? Treatment duration and improvement in drug use","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.12.006","article-title":"Theory-based processes that promote the remission of substance use disorders","volume":"27","author":"Moos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.019","article-title":"Overdose after detoxification: A prospective study","volume":"89","author":"Wines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00215.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomised, controlled trial of buprenorphine in the management of short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal","volume":"97","author":"Lintzeris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.10.013","article-title":"The duration and correlates of addiction and treatment careers","volume":"28","author":"Dennis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00211-8","article-title":"Outcomes after methadone maintenance and methadone reduction treatments: Two-year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study","volume":"62","author":"Gossop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib12","first-page":"CD002207","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence","volume":"2","author":"Mattick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02029.x","article-title":"The impact of treatment on 3 years\u2019 outcome for heroin dependence: Findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS)","volume":"103","author":"Teesson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.003","article-title":"Mortality prior to, during and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): A national, prospective cross-registry study","volume":"94","author":"Clausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00366-1","article-title":"Mortality risk of opioid substitution therapy with methadone versus buprenorphine: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Kimber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.08.005","article-title":"Decrease in self-reported offences and incarceration rates during methadone treatment: A comparison between patients switching from buprenorphine to methadone and maintenance treatment incident users (ANRS-Methaville trial)","volume":"39","author":"Carrieria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14059","article-title":"Associations between methadone maintenance treatment and crime: A 17-year longitudinal cohort study of Canadian provincial offenders","volume":"113","author":"Russolillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.009","article-title":"A\u00a0good quality of life under the influence of methadone: A qualitative study among opiate-dependent individuals","volume":"48","author":"De Maeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nursing Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.010","article-title":"Cycling in and out of treatment; participation in methadone treatment in NSW, 1990-2002","volume":"81","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139942","article-title":"Investigation of repeat client drop-out and re-enrolment cycles in fourteen methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangdong, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.05.012","article-title":"The cost of concordance with opiate substitution treatment guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Barnett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480020063032","article-title":"Variation in methadone treatment practices: Results from a national study","volume":"267","author":"D'Aunno","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12051","article-title":"Pharmacological maintenance treatments of opiate addiction","volume":"77","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib24","series-title":"The Treatment of Opioid Dependence","first-page":"59","article-title":"Pharmacology of methadone","author":"Walsh","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib25","first-page":"CD002208","article-title":"Methadone maintenance at different dosages for opioid dependence","volume":"3","author":"Faggiano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93454910.x","article-title":"Relationship of plasma buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to withdrawal symptoms during dose induction, maintenance and withdrawal from sublingual buprenorphine","volume":"93","author":"Kuhlman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300251","article-title":"Effects of buprenorphine maintenance dose on mu opioid receptor availability, plasma concentrations, and antagonist blockade in heroin-dependent volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Greenwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.642758","article-title":"Effect of buprenorphine dose on treatment outcome","volume":"31","author":"Fareed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.07.001","article-title":"Injectable naltrexone, oral naltrexone, and buprenorphine utilization and discontinuation among individuals treated for opioid use disorder in a United States commercially insured population","volume":"85","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230096174","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of heroin dependence: A literature review","volume":"19","author":"Tucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12205","article-title":"Excess mortality among opioid-using patients treated with oral naltrexone in Australia","volume":"34","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j760","article-title":"Association between concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepines and overdose: Retrospective analysis","volume":"356","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2225","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality in Scottish patients receiving methadone in primary care: Retrospective cohort study","volume":"338","author":"McCowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-6-200209170-00010","article-title":"Torsade de pointes associated with very-high-dose methadone","volume":"137","author":"Krantz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/jpp.JPP_163_17","article-title":"Comprehensive review on methadone-induced QT prolongation and torsades","volume":"9","author":"Treece","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2469","article-title":"QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial","volume":"167","author":"Wedam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4851","article-title":"Impact of supervision of methadone consumption on deaths related to methadone overdose (1993-2008): Analyses using OD4 index in England and Scotland","volume":"341","author":"Strang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03014.x","article-title":"The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs. Opiate treatment and the diversion of pharmaceutical opiates: A clinician\u2019s perspective","volume":"105","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.020","article-title":"Comparing overdose mortality associated with methadone and buprenorphine treatment","volume":"104","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39185.649201.DB","article-title":"Georgian drug misusers switch to Western heroin substitute","volume":"334","author":"Cleaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02729.x","article-title":"Injection of OST in Australia following the introduction of a mixed partial agonist-antagonist opioid medication","volume":"191","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12333","article-title":"Treatment retention among patients randomized to buprenorphine\/naloxone compared to methadone in a multi-site trial","volume":"109","author":"Hser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197802000-00004","article-title":"Methadone dose, plasma level, and cross-tolerance to heroin in man","volume":"166","author":"Volavka","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.921743","article-title":"Patient perspectives on buprenorphine\/naloxone: A qualitative study of retention during the starting treatment with agonist replacement therapies (START) study","volume":"46","author":"Teruya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00335.x","article-title":"Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: A randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients","volume":"98","author":"Mattick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13238","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after randomization to buprenorphine\/naloxone versus methadone in a multi-site trial","volume":"111","author":"Hser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1052","article-title":"Weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot formulations vs daily sublingual buprenorphine with naloxone for treatment of opioid use disorder a randomized clinical trial","volume":"178","author":"Lofwall","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32259-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a monthly buprenorphine depot injection for opioid use disorder: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"393","author":"Haight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12315","article-title":"Buprenorphine implants for treatment of opioid dependence: Randomized comparison to placebo and sublingual buprenorphine\/naloxone","volume":"108","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32812-X","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3206","article-title":"Effectiveness of injectable extended-release naltrexone vs daily buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid dependence: A randomized clinical noninferiority trial","volume":"74","author":"Tanum","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0653-3","article-title":"Review of case narratives from fatal overdoses associated with injectable naltrexone for opioid dependence","volume":"41","author":"Saucier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2143","article-title":"Receipt of timely addiction treatment and association of early medication treatment with retention in care among youths with opioid use disorder","volume":"172","author":"Hadland","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2005.00379.x","article-title":"Substance use during pregnancy: risk factors and obstetric and perinatal outcomes in South Australia","volume":"45","author":"Kennare","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.04.001","article-title":"Management of women treated with\u00a0buprenorphine during pregnancy","volume":"205","author":"Alto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802266276","article-title":"Methadone maintenance vs. methadone taper during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005359","article-title":"Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure","volume":"363","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03811.x","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women: The case for a considered and measured approach to research","volume":"108","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06529-1","article-title":"Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts: A follow-up study","volume":"358","author":"Rehm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.149195","article-title":"Heroin on trial: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of diamorphine prescribing as treatment for refractory heroin addiction","volume":"207","author":"Strang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.03.003","article-title":"Double-blind injectable hydromorphone versus diacetylmorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence: A pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Oviedo-Joekes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0962-y","article-title":"Supervised injectable opioid treatment for the management of opioid dependence","volume":"78","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib63","series-title":"Recent Evidence and Current Practices of Supervised Injectable Heroin Treatment in Europe and Beyond. EMCDDA Monograph","author":"Strang","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13326","article-title":"Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria","volume":"111","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib65","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evidence for take-home naloxone programs: A Bradford Hill analysis","volume":"33","author":"Olsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14033","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of concentrated naloxone nasal spray for opioid overdose reversal: Phase-I healthy volunteer study","volume":"113","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13027","article-title":"Naloxone--does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin\/opioid overdose","volume":"110","author":"Neale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.797","article-title":"A\u00a0stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"164","author":"Kakko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib69","series-title":"Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132016. NCHS Data Brief, no. 294","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802741","article-title":"Primary care and the opioid-overdose crisis - Buprenorphine myths and realities","volume":"379","author":"Wakeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1803982","article-title":"Methadone in primary care - One small step for Congress, one giant leap for addiction treatment","volume":"379","author":"Samet","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322319314854?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322319314854?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T15:03:59Z","timestamp":1757775839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322319314854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322319314854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medication Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}