{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:18:12Z","timestamp":1792145892872,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007184","name":"Yale School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007184","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T20:02:55Z","timestamp":1581105775000},"page":"224-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Schizophrenia and Epigenetic Aging Biomarkers: Increased Mortality, Reduced Cancer Risk, and Unique Clozapine Effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Albert T.","family":"Higgins-Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6163-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco P.","family":"Boks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3698-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiaan H.","family":"Vinkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 S.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.007","article-title":"Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease","volume":"150","author":"Hennekens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1123","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx069","article-title":"Systemic biomarkers of accelerated aging in schizophrenia: A critical review and future directions","volume":"44","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101684","article-title":"DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.204","article-title":"Dysfunction in the coagulation system and schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Hoirisch-Clapauch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0158-y","article-title":"Networks of blood proteins in the neuroimmunology of schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Jeffries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07503-2","article-title":"Plasma GDF15 level is elevated in psychosis and inversely correlated with severity","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12986-0","article-title":"Associations between SNPs and immune-related circulating proteins in schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.08.007","article-title":"beta2-Microglobulin abnormalities in antipsychotic-na\u00efve schizophrenia: Evidence for immune pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Chittiprol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.07.002","article-title":"Longitudinal study of beta2-microglobulin abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Chittiprol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000098367","article-title":"Increased levels of nitric oxide, cortisol and adrenomedullin in patients with chronic schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.06.034","article-title":"Accelerated aging in schizophrenia and related disorders: Future research","volume":"196","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm140","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a syndrome of accelerated aging?","volume":"34","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0026-4","article-title":"Epigenetic analysis confirms no accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"Voisey","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0017-5","article-title":"DNA methylation evidence against the accelerated aging hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"McKinney","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.09.025","article-title":"DNA methylation age is not accelerated in brain or blood of subjects with schizophrenia","volume":"196","author":"McKinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-019-0072-1","article-title":"Epigenetic clock analysis of blood samples from Japanese schizophrenia patients","volume":"5","author":"Okazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0489-3","article-title":"Methylation age acceleration does not predict mortality in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Kowalec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0004-3","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0233-4","article-title":"DNA methylation age is accelerated in alcohol dependence","volume":"8","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx082","article-title":"Social disconnection in schizophrenia and the general community","volume":"44","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.06.010","article-title":"Homelessness in schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01756-0","article-title":"The association between early-onset schizophrenia with employment, income, education, and cohabitation status: Nationwide study with 35 years of follow-up","volume":"54","author":"Hakulinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.010","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors","volume":"76","author":"De Leon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117722987","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying metabolic disturbances associated with psychosis and antipsychotic drug treatment","volume":"31","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1713091","article-title":"Update on weight-gain caused by antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014821","article-title":"Epigenetic predictor of age","volume":"6","author":"Bocklandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12005","article-title":"Methylation of ELOVL2 gene as a new epigenetic marker of age","volume":"11","author":"Garagnani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R24","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-2-r24","article-title":"Aging of blood can be tracked by DNA methylation changes at just three CpG sites","volume":"15","author":"Weidner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00126","article-title":"Simplified assay for epigenetic age estimation in whole blood of adults","volume":"7","author":"Vidal-Bralo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.016","article-title":"Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates","volume":"49","author":"Hannum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101508","article-title":"Epigenetic clock for skin and blood cells applied to Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome and ex\u00a0vivo studies","volume":"10","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005334","article-title":"Epigenetic aging signatures are coherently modified in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101414","article-title":"An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14617","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14617","article-title":"DNA methylation signatures in peripheral blood strongly predict all-cause mortality","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1389361","article-title":"The MiAge calculator: A DNA methylation-based mitotic age calculator of human tissue types","volume":"13","author":"Youn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1064-3","article-title":"Correlation of an epigenetic mitotic clock with cancer risk","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102173","article-title":"DNA methylation-based estimator of telomere length","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1514-1","article-title":"Epigenetic prediction of complex traits and death","volume":"19","author":"McCartney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib41","article-title":"Comparative analysis of epigenetic aging clocks from CpG characteristics to functional associations","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1041-x","article-title":"An integrated genetic-epigenetic analysis of schizophrenia: Evidence for co-localization of genetic associations and differential DNA methylation","volume":"17","author":"Hannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-018-0058-4","article-title":"Genetic vulnerability to DUSP22 promoter hypermethylation is involved in the relation between in utero famine exposure and schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Boks","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv277","article-title":"HIV-1 infection accelerates age according to the epigenetic clock","volume":"212","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.07.015","article-title":"Shorter telomere length in schizophrenia: Evidence from a real-world population and meta-analysis of most recent literature","volume":"202","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.04.026","article-title":"Further evidence for depletion of peripheral blood natural killer cells in patients with schizophrenia: A computational deconvolution study","volume":"201","author":"Karpi\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13613","article-title":"Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.06.020","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of clozapine and their clinical implications: What have we learned so far?","volume":"140","author":"R\u00f8ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112506","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of sex-based differences in effectiveness and adverse effects of clozapine","volume":"280","author":"Alberich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200107000-00004","article-title":"Overweight\/obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption are important determinants of plasma PAI-1 levels in healthy men","volume":"322","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.014","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular-related protein profiles in two community-based cohort studies","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15010126","article-title":"Smoking and schizophrenia in population cohorts of Swedish women and men: A prospective co-relative control study","volume":"172","author":"Kendler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(02)00014-6","article-title":"The possible pathophysiological role of plasma nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Salih Zoro\u01e7lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810385489","article-title":"Cancer and schizophrenia: Is there a paradox?","volume":"24","author":"Hodgson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0612-8","article-title":"Cancer mortality in patients with psychiatric diagnoses: A higher hazard of cancer death does not lead to a higher cumulative risk of dying from cancer","volume":"48","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs065","article-title":"Incidence of cancer in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives: A population-based study in Sweden","volume":"39","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052766","article-title":"Contribution of smoking to socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: A study of 14 European countries, 1990\u20132004","volume":"26","author":"Gregoraci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3485","article-title":"NK-cell activation by LIGHT triggers tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity to reject established tumors","volume":"107","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1999.0574","article-title":"Higher natural killer cell activity in schizophrenic patients: The impact of serum factors, medication, and smoking","volume":"14","author":"Yovel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15e18.x","article-title":"The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking myeloperoxidase neutrophils polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"15","author":"Van Eeden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2011.607426","article-title":"Clozapine use in schizophrenia: Findings of the Research on Asia Psychotropic Prescription (REAP) studies from 2001 to 2009","volume":"45","author":"Xiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16091097","article-title":"Mortality and self-harm in association with clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"174","author":"Wimberley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20699","article-title":"20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20)","volume":"19","author":"Taipale","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.044","article-title":"Transcriptomics-based screening identifies pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 as a means to defer aging","volume":"27","author":"Janssens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1021\/cn100010p","article-title":"Antipsychotic drugs activate the C. elegans AKT pathway via the DAF-2 insulin\/IGF-1 receptor","volume":"1","author":"Weeks","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1647-8","article-title":"Regulation of lifespan by neural excitation and REST","volume":"574","author":"Zullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0794-6","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy aging: Testing the accelerated aging hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.05.040","article-title":"Association between serum levels of glutamate and neurotrophic factors and response to clozapine treatment","volume":"192","author":"Krivoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S163839","article-title":"Influence of dose, gender, and cigarette smoking on\u00a0clozapine plasma concentrations","volume":"14","author":"Mayerova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.97","article-title":"That the effects of smoking should be measured in pack-years: Misconceptions 4","volume":"107","author":"Peto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9601-0","article-title":"What is hormesis and its relevance to healthy aging and longevity?","volume":"16","author":"Calabrese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.12.007","article-title":"Traumatic stress and accelerated DNA methylation age: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001411","article-title":"Posttraumatic psychopathology and the pace of the epigenetic clock: A longitudinal investigation","volume":"49","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322320300603?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322320300603?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T15:05:41Z","timestamp":1757775941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322320300603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322320300603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Schizophrenia and Epigenetic Aging Biomarkers: Increased Mortality, Reduced Cancer Risk, and Unique Clozapine Effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}