{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:21:19Z","timestamp":1793830879339,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH103284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH103284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH103371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH103371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH104438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH104438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HD093079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD093079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T19:54:22Z","timestamp":1604346862000},"page":"286-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Longitudinal Evaluation of Cerebral Growth Across Childhood in Boys and Girls With Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek S.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Ozonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Wu","family":"Nordahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.3.337","article-title":"Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism","volume":"290","author":"Courchesne","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000399191.79091.28","article-title":"Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study","volume":"76","author":"Courchesne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21369","article-title":"Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"542","author":"Hazlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1145","article-title":"An MRI study of brain size in autism","volume":"152","author":"Piven","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2145","article-title":"MRI volumes of amygdala and hippocampus in non-mentally retarded autistic adolescents and adults","volume":"53","author":"Aylward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.175","article-title":"Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism","volume":"59","author":"Aylward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1290","article-title":"An MRI study of increased cortical thickness in autism","volume":"163","author":"Hardan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6392","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1297-04.2004","article-title":"The amygdala is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the hippocampus is enlarged at all ages","volume":"24","author":"Schumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.08.016","article-title":"Head circumference and brain size in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"234","author":"Sacco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.04.024","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of brain volume and cortical thickness in autism","volume":"66","author":"Hardan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.026","article-title":"When is the brain enlarged in autism? A meta-analysis of all brain size reports","volume":"58","author":"Redcay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1643","article-title":"Persistence of megalencephaly in a subgroup of young boys with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Libero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1520","article-title":"Increased surface area, but not cortical thickness, in a subset of young boys with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Ohta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1755","article-title":"In pursuit of neurophenotypes: The consequences of having autism and a big brain","volume":"10","author":"Amaral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023036509476","article-title":"Microcephaly and macrocephaly in autism","volume":"29","author":"Fombonne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0514-x","article-title":"Brief report: Methods for acquiring structural MRI data in very young children with autism without the use of sedation","volume":"38","author":"Nordahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9154-9","article-title":"Methods for acquiring MRI data in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual impairment without the use of sedation","volume":"8","author":"Nordahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.145","article-title":"Increased rate of amygdala growth in children aged 2 to 4 years with autism spectrum disorders: A longitudinal study","volume":"69","author":"Nordahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib22","series-title":"Autism Imaging and Devices","first-page":"171","article-title":"Macrocephaly and megalencephaly in autism spectrum disorder","author":"Libero","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1348\/000711009X431509","article-title":"Using fractional polynomials to model non-linear trends in longitudinal data","volume":"63","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib24","first-page":"429","article-title":"Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modelling","volume":"43","author":"Royston","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Stat Soc Series C Appl Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000362695","article-title":"Modelling childhood growth using fractional polynomials and linear splines","volume":"65","author":"Tilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib26","series-title":"Longitudinal Analysis: Modeling Within-Person Fluctuation and Change","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016","volume":"69","author":"Maenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence","volume":"36","author":"Lenroot","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00253.x","article-title":"Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study","volume":"44","author":"Sowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg110","article-title":"Dissociations of cerebral cortex, subcortical and cerebral white matter volumes in autistic boys","volume":"126","author":"Herbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5714-09.2010","article-title":"Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical development through early childhood in autism","volume":"30","author":"Schumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1427","article-title":"Longitudinal volumetric brain changes in autism spectrum disorder ages 6\u201335 years","volume":"8","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.PEDS17141","article-title":"Normative human brain volume growth","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1159\/000345152","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of the fronto-temporal lobes from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals","volume":"34","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960304)366:2<223::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Quantitative MRI of the temporal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus in normal human development: Ages 4-18 years","volume":"366","author":"Giedd","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20195","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107560108","article-title":"Brain enlargement is associated with regression in preschool-age boys with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"108","author":"Nordahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23948","article-title":"Imaging sex\/gender and autism in the brain: Etiological implications: Imaging sex\/gender and autism in the brain","volume":"95","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib39","first-page":"877","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo evidence of reduced integrity of the gray\u2013white matter boundary in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"27","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.091","article-title":"Abnormal cell patterning at the cortical gray\u2013white matter boundary in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"1360","author":"Avino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322320320230?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322320320230?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:04:58Z","timestamp":1762099498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322320320230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322320320230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.739126563.793588320","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Longitudinal Evaluation of Cerebral Growth Across Childhood in Boys and Girls With Autism Spectrum Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}