{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:46:39Z","timestamp":1790999199160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":345,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH118634-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118634-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T14:32:38Z","timestamp":1660746758000},"page":"125-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Medial Frontal Cortex GABA Concentrations in Psychosis Spectrum and Mood Disorders: A Meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7181-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Simmonite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara J.","family":"Steeby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan F.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci","volume":"6","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Publishing Group"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6315","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06315.2003","article-title":"Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.3.237","article-title":"Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical \u03b3-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia","volume":"57","author":"Volk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950160008002","article-title":"Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics","volume":"52","author":"Akbarian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.02.005","article-title":"Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) mRNA expression in multiple brain areas of patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders","volume":"43","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1061","article-title":"Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid Decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A postmortem brain study","volume":"57","author":"Guidotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.019","article-title":"Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains","volume":"57","author":"Torrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.03.092","article-title":"Disease-specific alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission on inhibitory interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia","volume":"1218","author":"Woo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709990587","article-title":"Reduced level of glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 kDa in the prefrontal cortex in major depression","volume":"13","author":"Karolewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.2.296","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and mood disorders: A blood test for manic depressive disease?","volume":"40","author":"Petty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00226-S","article-title":"Stability of plasma GABA at four-year follow-up in patients with primary unipolar depression","volume":"37","author":"Petty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.3.362","article-title":"GABA levels in CSF of patients with psychiatric disorders","volume":"137","author":"Gold","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.8.1098","article-title":"CSF GABA in normal subjects and patients with depression, schizophrenia, mania, and anorexia nervosa","volume":"138","author":"Gerner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib14","first-page":"877","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and homovanillic acid in depressive disorders","volume":"17","author":"Kasa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib15","first-page":"549","article-title":"Somatostatin-Positive Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Interneuron Deficits in Depression: Cortical Microcircuit and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biol Psychiatry","volume":"82","author":"Fee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amsterdam: Elsevier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/jmra.1996.0242","article-title":"Solvent suppression using selective echo dephasing","volume":"123","author":"Mescher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Simultaneous in\u00a0vivo spectral editing and water suppression","volume":"11","author":"Mescher","year":"1998","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.016","article-title":"Elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"\u00d6ng\u00fcr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1519","article-title":"Elevated prefrontal cortex \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and glutamate-glutamine levels in schizophrenia measured in\u00a0vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"69","author":"Kegeles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs092","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo measurements of glutamate, GABA, and NAAG in schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Rowland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.07.024","article-title":"Perceptual and cognitive effects of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia: The potential impact of GABA concentration in the visual cortex","volume":"47","author":"Kelemen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.11.011","article-title":"GABA concentration in schizophrenia patients and the effects of antipsychotic medication: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"117","author":"Tayoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1731925","article-title":"Frontal GABA in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01297-6","article-title":"Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of (1) H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"27","author":"Nakahara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23244","article-title":"Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies","volume":"37","author":"Sch\u00fcr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.06.028","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of ultra-high field glutamate, glutamine, GABA and glutathione 1HMRS in psychosis: Implications for studies of psychosis risk","volume":"226","author":"Sydnor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1147","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.124","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of GABA in schizophrenia: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Egerton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007924","article-title":"Low GABA concentrations in occipital cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in medication-free, recovered depressed patients","volume":"11","author":"Bhagwagar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01090-5","article-title":"Reduction of higher-order occipital GABA and impaired visual perception in acute major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.025","article-title":"Amino acid neurotransmitters assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Relationship to treatment resistance in major depressive disorder","volume":"65","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14010067","article-title":"Glutamate metabolism in major depressive disorder","volume":"171","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.39","article-title":"The relationship between aberrant neuronal activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate, altered glutamatergic metabolism, and anhedonia in major depression","volume":"66","author":"Walter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.09.032","article-title":"Marked reductions in visual evoked responses but not \u03b3-aminobutyric acid concentrations or \u03b3-band measures in remitted depression","volume":"73","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.09.003","article-title":"Individual differences in subconscious motor control predicted by GABA concentration in SMA","volume":"20","author":"Boy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00026.x","article-title":"Aging alters regional multichemical profile of the human brain: An in\u00a0vivo 1H-MRS study of young versus middle-aged subjects","volume":"76","author":"Grachev","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.007","article-title":"Individual differences in GABA content are reliable but are not uniform across the human cortex","volume":"139","author":"Greenhouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4402-15.2016","article-title":"Large-scale meta-analysis of human medial frontal cortex reveals tripartite functional organization","volume":"36","author":"de la Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.011","article-title":"GABA abnormalities in schizophrenia: A methodological review of in\u00a0vivo studies","volume":"167","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.160228","article-title":"Meta-analysis of central and peripheral \u03b3-aminobutyric acid levels in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"43","author":"Romeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.01.096","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex neurometabolites in bipolar disorder are influenced by mood state and medication: A meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies","volume":"47","author":"Scotti-Muzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.015","article-title":"Differences in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels between depressed patients and healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Godfrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.050","article-title":"Cerebral glutamate and GABA levels in high-risk of psychosis states: A focused review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies","volume":"215","author":"Wenneberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","article-title":"Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I 2 Index?","volume":"11","author":"Huedo-Medina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.197","article-title":"Sensitive test for models of bose-einstein correlations","volume":"79","author":"Eggers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419898520","article-title":"Neurochemical and brain functional changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of first-episode psychosis patients: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging-Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"54","author":"Cen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib48","first-page":"277","article-title":"Abnormal concentration of GABA and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.-An in\u00a0vivo 1H-MRS study","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.021","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate levels in people with first-episode schizophrenia: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"193","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.028","article-title":"Prefrontal and striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and the effect of antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis patients","volume":"83","author":"de la Fuente-Sandoval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102127","article-title":"Disrupted GABAergic facilitation of working memory performance in people with schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Ragland","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915703","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3915703","article-title":"Reduced \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and glutamate+glutamine levels in drug-na\u00efve patients with first-episode schizophrenia but not in those at ultrahigh risk","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib53","first-page":"227","article-title":"Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on medial prefrontal \u03b3-aminobutyric acid among schizophrenia patients: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"34","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib54","first-page":"341","article-title":"Comparison of the density of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.10.005","article-title":"GABA and glutamate in schizophrenia: A 7 T 1H-MRS study","volume":"6","author":"Marsman","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002277","article-title":"Treatment response after 6 and 26 weeks is related to baseline glutamate and GABA levels in antipsychotic-na\u00efve patients with psychosis","volume":"50","author":"Bojesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.02.017","article-title":"Age-related changes in anterior cingulate cortex glutamate in schizophrenia: A (1)H MRS Study at 7 Tesla","volume":"172","author":"Brandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.04.026","article-title":"Reduction of brain \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in early-stage schizophrenia patients: 3T Proton MRS study","volume":"112","author":"Goto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx190","article-title":"7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate\u00a0cortex in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.34","article-title":"Medial frontal GABA is lower in older schizophrenia: A MEGA-PRESS with macromolecule suppression study","volume":"21","author":"Rowland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656459","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.656459","article-title":"Metabolite alterations in adults with schizophrenia, first degree relatives, and healthy controls: A multi-region 7T MRS study","volume":"12","author":"Wijtenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz099","article-title":"Intra-Regional Glu-GABA vs Inter-Regional Glu-Glu Imbalance: A 1H-MRS Study of the Neurochemistry of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Hjelmervik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020190","article-title":"Prefrontal GABA levels measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with psychosis and unaffected siblings","volume":"173","author":"Marenco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib64","article-title":"Increased rostral medial frontal GABA+ in early psychosis is obscured by levels of negative affect","author":"Simmonite","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyv105","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv105","article-title":"Cortico-striatal GABAergic and glutamatergic dysregulations in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis investigated with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"De La Fuente-Sandoval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1134\/S1607672916030029","article-title":"(1)H-MRS and MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence in the study of balance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the human brain of ultra-high risk of schizophrenia patients","volume":"468","author":"Menschikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dokl Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.77","article-title":"Baseline measures of cerebral glutamate and GABA levels in individuals at ultrahigh risk for psychosis: Implications for clinical outcome after 12 months","volume":"63","author":"Wenneberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170201","article-title":"GABA levels and TSPO expression in people at clinical high risk for psychosis and healthy volunteers: A PET-MRS study","volume":"44","author":"Da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-017-0004-6","article-title":"Prefrontal GABA levels, hippocampal resting perfusion and the risk of psychosis","volume":"43","author":"Modinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.08.009","article-title":"Acute change in anterior cingulate cortex GABA, but not glutamine\/glutamate, mediates antidepressant response to citalopram","volume":"269","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.131","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in depressed adolescents: Relationship to anhedonia","volume":"69","author":"Gabbay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.017","article-title":"Normal prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in remitted depressed subjects determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Hasler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.193","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal glutamate\/glutamine and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"64","author":"Hasler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01127-x","article-title":"Reductions in rostral anterior cingulate GABA are associated with stress circuitry in females with major depression: A multimodal imaging investigation","volume":"46","author":"Ironside","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01541-1","article-title":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex\/anterior cingulate cortex Glx, glutamate, and GABA levels in medication-free major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4918","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004918","article-title":"GABA+ levels in postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate depression: A preliminary study","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib77","first-page":"263","article-title":"Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration of the prefrontal lobe in unmedicated patients with Obsessive compulsive disorder: A research of magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0242-2","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity, cortical GABA, and neuroactive steroids in peripartum and peripartum depressed women: A functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study","volume":"44","author":"Deligiannidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.138","article-title":"Glutamatergic and GABA-ergic abnormalities in first-episode depression. A 1-year follow-up 1H-MR spectroscopic study","volume":"266","author":"Draganov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.22","article-title":"Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic measurement of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in major depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"31","author":"Knudsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.243","article-title":"The impact of accelerated high frequency rTMS on brain neurochemicals in treatment-resistant depression: Insights from 1H MR spectroscopy","volume":"128","author":"Baeken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2021.111327","article-title":"Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems in depressed and healthy: A positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"315","author":"Persson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.10.011","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and neurometabolites in late-life depression: A preliminary magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7T","volume":"279","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.026","article-title":"1H MRS measurement of cortical GABA and glutamate in primary insomnia and major depressive disorder: Relationship to sleep quality and depression severity","volume":"274","author":"Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12074","article-title":"Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) abnormalities in bipolar disorder","volume":"15","author":"Brady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3244-0","article-title":"Cortical glutathione levels in young people with bipolar disorder: A pilot study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"231","author":"Godlewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2006.00132.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in patients with bipolar disorders","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.052","article-title":"Relationship of executive functioning deficits to N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in youth with bipolar disorder","volume":"225","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1163","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.141","article-title":"Unique prefrontal GABA and glutamate disturbances in co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence","volume":"7","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.09.020","article-title":"Anterior cingulate Glutamate-Glutamine cycle metabolites are altered in euthymic bipolar I disorder","volume":"25","author":"Soeiro-de-Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.146","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex pathology in schizophrenia as revealed by convergent findings from multimodal imaging","volume":"15","author":"Pomarol-Clotet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100301","article-title":"The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control","volume":"306","author":"Ridderinkhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.08.006","article-title":"Neural correlates of emotion regulation in psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu011","article-title":"The role of the medial frontal cortex in the maintenance of emotional states","volume":"9","author":"Waugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00464.2000","article-title":"Medial frontal cortex in action monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Luu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.07.009","article-title":"Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"Rushworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.7.649","article-title":"Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA\u2013containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"61","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.015","article-title":"Cognition in schizophrenia: Core psychological and neural mechanisms","author":"Barch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.91","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia","volume":"66","author":"Minzenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(84)90018-1","article-title":"Plasma GABA levels in psychiatric illness","volume":"6","author":"Petty","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(81)90003-3","article-title":"Plasma GABA in affective illness: A preliminary investigation","volume":"3","author":"Petty","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.11.003","article-title":"Ketamine reverses stress-induced depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate: An 11.7T 1H-MRS study in rats","volume":"51","author":"Perrine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.06.001","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo effects of ketamine on glutamate-glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Proof of concept","volume":"233","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322322015098?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322322015098?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T15:13:15Z","timestamp":1757776395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322322015098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322322015098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.21.22271287","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medial Frontal Cortex GABA Concentrations in Psychosis Spectrum and Mood Disorders: A Meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}