{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1789392075028,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"MRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P014097\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P014097\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"MRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T002816\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T002816\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLP-2021-196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLP-2021-196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["602407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013915","name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007569","name":"Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224051\/Z\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224051\/Z\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223264\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223264\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211155\/Z\/18\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211155\/Z\/18\/B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211155\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211155\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009670","name":"National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"ESRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/V003526\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/V003526\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"NARSAD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T03:26:08Z","timestamp":1741922768000},"page":"904-914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conduct Disorder Is Associated With Heightened Action Initiation and Reduced Learning From Punishment but Not Reward"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Pauli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inti","family":"Brazil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Kohls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias U.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gistelinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Dikeos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Dochnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aranzazu","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Herpertz-Dahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Hervas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Popma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane A.","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S637","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.1693","article-title":"The prevalence of conduct disorders among young people in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Sacco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.007625","article-title":"Economic cost of severe antisocial behaviour in children \u2013 And who pays it","volume":"188","author":"Romeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib4","series-title":"The Mask of Sanity","author":"Cleckley","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02199.x","article-title":"The role of callous and unemotional traits in the diagnosis of conduct disorder","volume":"51","author":"Rowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.04.009","article-title":"DSM-IV conduct disorder criteria as predictors of antisocial personality disorder","volume":"48","author":"Gelhorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib7","first-page":"6","article-title":"A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality","volume":"55","author":"Lykken","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.2.292.b","article-title":"Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits","volume":"65","author":"Wootton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023762009877","article-title":"Punishment insensitivity and parenting: Temperament and learning as interacting risks for antisocial behavior","volume":"6","author":"Dadds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3204_10","article-title":"Callous\/unemotional traits moderate the relation between ineffective parenting and child externalizing problems: A partial replication and extension","volume":"32","author":"Oxford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/1131254","article-title":"Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience","volume":"64","author":"Kochanska","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.001","article-title":"What are the associations between parenting, callous\u2013unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence","volume":"33","author":"Waller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12132","article-title":"Punishment insensitivity and impaired reinforcement learning in preschoolers","volume":"55","author":"Briggs-Gowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.003","article-title":"Investigating sex differences in emotion recognition, learning, and regulation among youths with conduct disorder","volume":"59","author":"Kohls","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.585052","article-title":"Neuropsychological subgroups of emotion processing in youths with conduct disorder","volume":"11","author":"Kohls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01441486","article-title":"Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children","volume":"24","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0343-0","article-title":"Specificity of reward sensitivity and parasympathetic-based regulation among children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity and disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"46","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.05.032","article-title":"Impaired punishment learning in conduct disorder","volume":"63","author":"Elster","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003500","article-title":"Dysfunction in differential reward-punishment responsiveness in conduct disorder relates to severity of callous-unemotional traits but not irritability","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.886252","article-title":"Callous-unemotional behavior and early-childhood onset of behavior problems: The role of parental harshness and warmth","volume":"44","author":"Waller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2012.06.001","article-title":"A systematic evidence review of school-based group contingency interventions for students with challenging behavior","volume":"50","author":"Maggin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104995","article-title":"The computational psychiatry of antisocial behaviour and psychopathy","volume":"145","author":"Pauli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69594","article-title":"Punishment insensitivity in humans is due to failures in instrumental contingency learning","volume":"10","author":"Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41124-w","article-title":"Action initiation and punishment learning differ from childhood to adolescence while reward learning remains stable","volume":"14","author":"Pauli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib25","first-page":"761","article-title":"Computational modelling of social cognition and behaviour-A reinforcement learning primer","volume":"16","author":"Lockwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib26","series-title":"Reinforcement Learning, 2nd ed: An Introduction","first-page":"549","author":"Sutton","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72628-w","article-title":"Adolescents exhibit reduced Pavlovian biases on instrumental learning","volume":"10","author":"Raab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.06.004","article-title":"What do reinforcement learning models measure? Interpreting model parameters in cognition and neuroscience","volume":"41","author":"Eckstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12060840","article-title":"Disrupted expected value and prediction error signaling in youths with disruptive behavior disorders during a passive avoidance task","volume":"170","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.023","article-title":"Disrupted expected value signaling in youth with disruptive behavior disorders to environmental reinforcers","volume":"53","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.3.252","article-title":"Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders","volume":"95","author":"Newman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2003.12.001","article-title":"Passive avoidance learning in individuals with psychopathy: Modulation by reward but not by punishment","volume":"37","author":"Blair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal Individ Dif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10010129","article-title":"Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits","volume":"168","author":"Finger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9655-9","article-title":"Unique and interactive associations of callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity and grandiosity with child and adolescent conduct disorder symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Fanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1172-6","article-title":"Conduct disorder in adolescent females: Current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium","volume":"27","author":"Freitag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000279","article-title":"Positive and negative parenting in conduct disorder with high versus low levels of callous\u2013unemotional traits","volume":"33","author":"Pauli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib38","series-title":"Psychopaths: Current international Perspectives","first-page":"131","article-title":"Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: Initial test of a new assessment tool","author":"Andershed","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib39","series-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib40","series-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962","article-title":"A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib45","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194105","article-title":"A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values","volume":"14","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib47","series-title":"The Theory of Probability","first-page":"474","author":"Jeffreys","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.028","article-title":"Psychopathic traits in adolescence: Associations with the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory systems","volume":"50","author":"Roose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personal Individ Dif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib49","series-title":"Biosocial Theories of Crime","article-title":"The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior","author":"Blair","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X18758897","article-title":"Executive functioning, reward\/punishment sensitivity, and conduct problems in boys with callous-unemotional traits","volume":"62","author":"Platje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325211047947","article-title":"Evidence-based behavior management strategies for students with or at risk of EBD: A mega review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Riden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remedial Spec Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615569000","article-title":"Learning versus performance: An integrative review","volume":"10","author":"Soderstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002515","article-title":"Real and hypothetical rewards","volume":"6","author":"Locey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000447","article-title":"Aging and altruism: A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sparrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603198113","article-title":"Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy","volume":"113","author":"Lockwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101106","article-title":"Reinforcement learning and Bayesian inference provide complementary models for the unique advantage of adolescents in stochastic reversal","volume":"55","author":"Eckstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322325010510?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322325010510?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T11:32:29Z","timestamp":1763724749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322325010510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322325010510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Conduct Disorder Is Associated With Heightened Action Initiation and Reduced Learning From Punishment but Not Reward","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}