{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:22:47Z","timestamp":1790464967136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793232000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":332,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIMH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH130376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH130376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-2018-12367290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2018-12367290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T11:37:05Z","timestamp":1750851425000},"page":"809-818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sleep Spindle Abnormalities as Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: From Cellular Mechanisms and Neural Circuits to Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Castelnovo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mayeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Albantakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Tononi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferrarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.11.010","article-title":"The prognosis of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of 20-year follow-up studies","volume":"250","author":"Molstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01889-y","article-title":"Is it possible to stage schizophrenia? A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.11.015","article-title":"The schizophrenia syndrome, circa 2024: What we know and how that informs its nature","volume":"264","author":"Tandon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib4","series-title":"Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias","author":"Bleuler","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4599","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities in different clinical stages of psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Bagautdinova","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib6","series-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine","article-title":"Schizophrenia and sleep","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.03.001","article-title":"Sleep in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings in case-control studies","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00346-8","article-title":"Sleep architecture and its clinical correlates in first episode and neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Poulin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.005","article-title":"Attention and non-REM sleep in neuroleptic-naive persons with schizophrenia and control participants","volume":"149","author":"Forest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8776","article-title":"Sleep, sleep spindles, and cognitive functions in drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis","volume":"16","author":"Yaz\u0131han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.03.009","article-title":"Topographic deficits in sleep spindle density and duration point to frontal thalamo-cortical dysfunctions in first-episode psychosis","volume":"113","author":"Kaskie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.11.060","article-title":"Reduced sleep spindle density in adolescent patients with early-onset schizophrenia compared to major depressive disorder and healthy controls","volume":"221","author":"Gerstenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02816-z","article-title":"Cortical signatures of sleep are altered following effective deep brain stimulation for depression","volume":"14","author":"van Rheede","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.06.016","article-title":"Topographic and sex-related differences in sleep spindles in major depressive disorder: A high-density EEG investigation","volume":"146","author":"Plante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.014","article-title":"Reduced sleep spindle activity in early-onset and elevated risk for depression","volume":"49","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae218","article-title":"A spectrum of altered non-rapid eye movement sleep in schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Kozhemiako","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20070968","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia: State of the art and next steps","volume":"178","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00762","article-title":"Sleep spindle deficits in antipsychotic-na\u00efve early course schizophrenia and in non-psychotic first-degree relatives","volume":"8","author":"Manoach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0725-2","article-title":"Fast sleep spindle reduction in schizophrenia and healthy first-degree relatives: Association with impaired cognitive function and potential intermediate phenotype","volume":"267","author":"Schilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-018-0045-9","article-title":"Sleep endophenotypes of schizophrenia: Slow waves and sleep spindles in unaffected first-degree relatives","volume":"4","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01435-3","article-title":"Association of polygenic risk for schizophrenia with fast sleep spindle density depends on pro-cognitive variants","volume":"272","author":"Schilling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75482","article-title":"Sleep EEG in young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A cross-sectional study of slow-waves, spindles and correlations with memory and neurodevelopmental symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Donnelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1055459","article-title":"Sleep spindles across youth affected by schizophrenia or anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis","volume":"14","author":"Dimitriades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12672","article-title":"Investigation of sleep spindle activity and morphology as predictors of neurocognitive functioning in medicated patients with schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Baandrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac193","article-title":"Sleep spindle alterations relate to working memory deficits in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis","volume":"45","author":"Mayeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.023","article-title":"Sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences: Examining the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a daytime nap study","volume":"116","author":"Kammerer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib27","first-page":"331","article-title":"The feature of sleep spindle deficits in patients with schizophrenia with and without auditory verbal hallucinations","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.08.022","article-title":"Sleep spindle activity in childhood onset schizophrenia: Diminished and associated with clinical symptoms","volume":"223","author":"Markovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114265","article-title":"Investigating sleep spindle density and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0713-2","article-title":"Sleep spindle deficit in schizophrenia: Contextualization of recent findings","volume":"18","author":"Castelnovo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02335-1","article-title":"Sleep spindle architecture associated with distinct clinical phenotypes in older adults at risk for dementia","volume":"29","author":"Orlando","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12924","article-title":"Sleep spindles in bipolar disorder - a comparison to healthy control subjects","volume":"138","author":"Ritter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09121731","article-title":"Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia suggested by whole-night deficits in slow and fast spindles","volume":"167","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04423-y","article-title":"Sleep spindles in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders or bipolar disorders: A pilot study in a general population\u2013based cohort","volume":"22","author":"Petit","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-024-00284-x","article-title":"A thalamocortical perspective on sleep spindle alterations in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"10","author":"Guiterrez Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16178","article-title":"Sleep spindles as neurophysiological biomarkers of schizophrenia","volume":"59","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq142","article-title":"The thalamic reticular nucleus and schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.08.017","article-title":"Reduced mediodorsal thalamic volume and prefrontal cortical spindle activity in schizophrenia","volume":"102","author":"Buchmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.08.005","article-title":"Review of thalamocortical resting-state fMRI studies in schizophrenia","volume":"180","author":"Giraldo-Chica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib40","first-page":"706","article-title":"Increased thalamocortical connectivity in schizophrenia correlates with sleep spindle deficits: Evidence for a common pathophysiology","volume":"4","author":"Baran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.045","article-title":"Functional and structural abnormalities of thalamus in individuals at early stage of schizophrenia","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40398-9","article-title":"Thalamic reticular nucleus parvalbumin neurons regulate sleep spindles and electrophysiological aspects of schizophrenia in mice","volume":"9","author":"Thankachan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1648","article-title":"Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.230","article-title":"The thalamic reticular nucleus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Role of parvalbumin-expressing neuron networks and oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Steullet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018","article-title":"Sleep spindles: Mechanisms and functions","volume":"100","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2006.04.022","article-title":"Thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels and NREM sleep","volume":"40","author":"Crunelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0582-6","article-title":"Ca(2+) signaling by T-type Ca(2+) channels in neurons","volume":"457","author":"Cueni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235588","article-title":"Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain","volume":"262","author":"Steriade","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2774","article-title":"Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Uhlhaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx121","article-title":"30 years on: How the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia morphed into the developmental risk factor model of psychosis","volume":"43","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00118","article-title":"GABAergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Linking postmortem and in vivo studies","volume":"8","author":"de Jonge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1731925","article-title":"Frontal GABA in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS studies","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01297-6","article-title":"Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"27","author":"Nakahara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.025","article-title":"NMDAR dysfunction and the regulation of dopaminergic transmission in schizophrenia","volume":"271","author":"Dwyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01121.2015","article-title":"Two classes of excitatory synaptic responses in rat thalamic reticular neurons","volume":"116","author":"Deleuze","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.3.1365","article-title":"GABA(B) and NMDA receptors contribute to spindle-like oscillations in rat thalamus in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.04.029","article-title":"A single psychotomimetic dose of ketamine decreases thalamocortical spindles and delta oscillations in the sedated rat","volume":"222","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0199-2","article-title":"Absent sleep EEG spindle activity in GluA1 (Gria1) knockout mice: Relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.09.017","article-title":"Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia: Neurochemical, neuropathological, and in vivo imaging abnormalities","volume":"69","author":"Clinton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0685-1","article-title":"Effects of a patient-derived de novo coding alteration of CACNA1I in mice connect a schizophrenia risk gene with sleep spindle deficits","volume":"10","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5646","article-title":"Suppression of sleep spindle rhythmogenesis in mice with deletion of CaV3.2 and CaV3.3 T-type Ca(2+) channels","volume":"39","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15930","article-title":"Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource","volume":"8","author":"Purcell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0945-18.2018","article-title":"Nature and nurture: Brain region-specific inheritance of sleep neurophysiology in adolescence","volume":"38","author":"Rusterholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa230","article-title":"Spindles are highly heritable as identified by different spindle detectors","volume":"44","author":"Goldschmied","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00624","article-title":"Automatic sleep spindle detection and genetic influence estimation using continuous wavelet transform","volume":"9","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01751-z","article-title":"Shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and subcortical brain volumes implicates early neurodevelopmental processes and brain development in childhood","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01425-2","article-title":"Developmental oxidative stress leads to T-type Ca2+ channel hypofunction in thalamic reticular nucleus of mouse models pertinent to schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"El Khoueiry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.12.003","article-title":"The function of the sleep spindle: A physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation","volume":"35","author":"Fogel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095754","article-title":"Abnormal sleep spindles, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Manoach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.14.4586","article-title":"Function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Crick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4793-11.2012","article-title":"Pathways for emotions and attention converge on the thalamic reticular nucleus in primates","volume":"32","author":"Zikopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2109-y","article-title":"Impairment in perceptual attentional set-shifting following PCP administration: A rodent model of set-shifting deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"179","author":"Egerton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76211","article-title":"Non-rapid eye movement sleep and wake neurophysiology in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Kozhemiako","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6936381","article-title":"Form and function of sleep spindles across the lifespan","volume":"2016","author":"Clawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj050","article-title":"Review of clinical correlates of P50 sensory gating abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Potter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.02.009","article-title":"P50 sensory gating ratios in schizophrenics and controls: A review and data analysis","volume":"158","author":"Patterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2020.111078","article-title":"Meta-analysis of auditory P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"300","author":"Atagun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22065","article-title":"Functional imaging of the hemodynamic sensory gating response in schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.039","article-title":"Source localization of sensory gating: A combined EEG and fMRI study in healthy volunteers","volume":"54","author":"Bak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22422","article-title":"Concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography assessment of sensory gating in schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Bak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01463-4","article-title":"Auditory sensory gating in hippocampus and reticular thalamic neurons in anesthetized rats","volume":"53","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01363-1","article-title":"Involvement of the thalamic reticular nucleus in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17448","article-title":"Routine and sleep EEG: Minimum recording standards of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology and the International League Against Epilepsy","volume":"64","author":"Peltola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib84","series-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology, and Technical Specifications, version 3","author":"Berry","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2855","article-title":"Sleep-spindle detection: Crowdsourcing and evaluating performance of experts, non-experts and automated methods","volume":"11","author":"Warby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0533-4","article-title":"Massive online data annotation, crowdsourcing to generate high quality sleep spindle annotations from EEG data","volume":"7","author":"Lacourse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03376-3","article-title":"An examination of sleep spindle metrics in the Sleep Heart Health Study: Superiority of automated spindle detection over total sigma power in assessing age-related spindle decline","volume":"23","author":"Palepu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad017","article-title":"Sleep spindles in the healthy brain from birth through 18 years","volume":"46","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib89","article-title":"The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep in young individuals with schizophrenia","author":"Dimitriades","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2968","article-title":"The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Wamsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00833-2","article-title":"The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Mylonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050241","article-title":"The GABAA agonist THIP produces slow wave sleep and reduces spindling activity in NREM sleep in humans","volume":"130","author":"Faulhaber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.5.593","article-title":"The selective extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2954","article-title":"Slow wave sleep induced by GABA agonist tiagabine fails to benefit memory consolidation","volume":"36","author":"Feld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000276","article-title":"TMS-induced cortical potentiation during wakefulness locally increases slow wave activity during sleep","volume":"2","author":"Huber","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05278","article-title":"Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory","volume":"444","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702495104","article-title":"Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"104","author":"Massimini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.044","article-title":"Feedback-controlled transcranial alternating current stimulation reveals a functional role of sleep spindles in motor memory consolidation","volume":"26","author":"Lustenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.010","article-title":"Targeting sleep oscillations to improve memory in schizophrenia","volume":"221","author":"Manoach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024","article-title":"Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields","volume":"169","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00208","article-title":"Enhancement of sleep slow waves: Underlying mechanisms and practical consequences","volume":"8","author":"Bellesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsw068","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw068","article-title":"Using oscillating sounds to manipulate sleep spindles","volume":"40","author":"Antony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102770","article-title":"A systematic review of closed-loop feedback techniques in sleep studies-Related issues and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.006","article-title":"Auditory closed-loop stimulation of the sleep slow oscillation enhances memory","volume":"78","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00088","article-title":"Performance of an ambulatory dry-EEG device for auditory closed-loop stimulation of sleep slow oscillations in the home environment","volume":"12","author":"Debellemaniere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aae18f","article-title":"Closed-loop system to enhance slow-wave activity","volume":"15","author":"Garcia-Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.002","article-title":"Brain stimulation for improving sleep and memory","volume":"15","author":"Malkani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17821","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2604-11.2011","article-title":"Sleep spindles in humans: Insights from intracranial EEG and unit recordings","volume":"31","author":"Andrillon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279045","article-title":"Local sleep spindles in the human thalamus","volume":"598","author":"Bastuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119625","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of sleep spindle activity in human anterior thalamus and cortex","volume":"263","author":"Bernhard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2702","article-title":"The spindles: Are they still thalamic?","volume":"36","author":"Timofeev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1290","article-title":"Fast and slow spindles during the sleep slow oscillation: Disparate coalescence and engagement in memory processing","volume":"34","author":"M\u00f6lle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322325012740?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322325012740?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:10:56Z","timestamp":1778299856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322325012740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322325012740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sleep Spindle Abnormalities as Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: From Cellular Mechanisms and Neural Circuits to Clinical Implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}