{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:42:38Z","timestamp":1793947358554,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIMH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:41:50Z","timestamp":1772815310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Models, and Missing Links"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Arulpragasam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Theyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Barredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Pouille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia G.","family":"Gillotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mascha van \u2019t","family":"Wout-Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah S.","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib1","series-title":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders","author":"Widge","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.023","article-title":"A randomized sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule\/ventral striatum for chronic treatment-resistant depression","volume":"78","author":"Dougherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.08.029","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule\/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"65","author":"Malone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456","article-title":"Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"69","author":"Holtzheimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010037","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for intractable obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Progress and opportunities","volume":"177","author":"Goodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.11.006","article-title":"Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Outcomes after one year","volume":"112","author":"Huff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.55","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule\/ventral striatum for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Worldwide experience","volume":"15","author":"Greenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20130806-05","article-title":"Future directions of deep brain stimulation: Current disorders, new technologies","volume":"43","author":"Arulpragasam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"O\u2019Reardon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46","article-title":"Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: A sham-controlled randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Carmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib12","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A multisite, propensity-matched cohort study of treatment parameters","volume":"19","author":"Berlow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.046","article-title":"Repetitive TMS to augment cognitive processing therapy in combat veterans of recent conflicts with PTSD: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"229","author":"Kozel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.025","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression in US military veterans\u2014A naturalistic cohort study in the veterans health administration","volume":"297","author":"Madore","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101160","article-title":"Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"176","author":"Philip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","article-title":"Electric field depth-focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: Simulation comparison of 50 coil designs","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib17","first-page":"211","article-title":"Neuroimaging mechanisms of therapeutic transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder","volume":"3","author":"Philip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.038","article-title":"Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A review","volume":"219","author":"Nitsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.12.018","article-title":"A systematic review of the clinical efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in psychiatric disorders","volume":"74","author":"Kekic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0674-9","article-title":"tDCS for the treatment of depression: A comprehensive review","volume":"266","author":"Palm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417259112","article-title":"Enhancing long-term memory with stimulation tunes visual attention in one trial","volume":"112","author":"Reinhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102333","article-title":"Electric fields induced in the brain by transcranial electric stimulation: A review of in vivo recordings","volume":"10","author":"Guidetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024","article-title":"Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields","volume":"169","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01386-2","article-title":"Reaching for the unreachable: Low intensity focused ultrasound for non-invasive deep brain stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Philip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825802","article-title":"Low intensity focused ultrasound for non-invasive and reversible deep brain neuromodulation-A paradigm shift in psychiatric research","volume":"13","author":"Arulpragasam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.04.010","article-title":"Noninvasive focused ultrasound for neuromodulation: A review","volume":"41","author":"Bowary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.007","article-title":"A review of low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation","volume":"4","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015","article-title":"Ultrasound neuromodulation: A review of results, mechanisms and safety","volume":"45","author":"Blackmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02833-9","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound: A review of mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"49","author":"Bachu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.08.013","article-title":"Low-intensity ultrasound neuromodulation: An overview of mechanisms and emerging human applications","volume":"11","author":"Fomenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib32","article-title":"Marketing clearance of diagnostic ultrasound systems and transducers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Guidance for industry and food and drug administration staff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.013","article-title":"ITRUSST consensus on standardised reporting for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62265-8","article-title":"A retrospective qualitative report of symptoms and safety from transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation in humans","volume":"10","author":"Legon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.024","article-title":"Safety of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation: A systematic review of the state of knowledge from both human and animal studies","volume":"12","author":"Pasquinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.06.003","article-title":"Safety of focused ultrasound neuromodulation in humans with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Stern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.09.015","article-title":"Histological examination of focused ultrasound effects on human brain tissue","volume":"14","author":"Spivak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.10.012","article-title":"Brain injury during focused ultrasound neuromodulation for substance use disorder","volume":"18","author":"Rezai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib39","article-title":"Further clarification regarding brain injury during focused ultrasound neuromodulation for substance use disorder","volume":"19","author":"Rezai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90898-3","article-title":"Seizures in healthy people with repeated \u201csafe\u201d trains of transcranial magnetic stimuli","volume":"347","author":"Wassermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410216","article-title":"Involvement of the ipsilateral motor cortex in finger movements of different complexities","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00096-8","article-title":"Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5\u20137, 1996","volume":"108","author":"Wassermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.127.3289.83","article-title":"Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound","volume":"127","author":"Fry","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381852","article-title":"Acoustical properties of the human skull","volume":"63","author":"Fry","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906707","article-title":"Physical factors involved in ultrasonically induced changes in living systems: I. Identification of non-temperature effects","volume":"22","author":"Fry","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20118","article-title":"500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: A preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls","volume":"52","author":"Hynynen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000360379.95800.2F","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging\u2013 guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: Initial findings in 3 patients","volume":"66","author":"McDannold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2013.08.002","article-title":"Consciousness in the universe: A review of the \u2018Orch OR\u2019 theory","volume":"11","author":"Hameroff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28040-1","article-title":"Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22743-7","article-title":"Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.008","article-title":"Transcranial pulsed ultrasound stimulates intact brain circuits","volume":"66","author":"Tufail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202012672","article-title":"Spike frequency-dependent inhibition and excitation of neural activity by high-frequency ultrasound","volume":"152","author":"Prieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003511","article-title":"Remote excitation of neuronal circuits using low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound","volume":"3","author":"Tyler","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib55","article-title":"Ultrasound mediated cellular deflection results in cellular depolarization","volume":"9","author":"Vasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.010","article-title":"Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound stimulation for neuromodulation","volume":"135","author":"Darmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.019","article-title":"Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation","volume":"101","author":"Folloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.09.004","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound stimulation modulates neuronal membrane potentials across broad timescales in the awake mammalian brain","volume":"18","author":"Bortz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00691-3","article-title":"Focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.003","article-title":"Ultrasound technologies for imaging and modulating neural activity","volume":"108","author":"Rabut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006980118","article-title":"Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through the lipid membrane","volume":"118","author":"Sorum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.04.011","article-title":"Ultrasonic modulation of neural circuit activity","volume":"50","author":"Tyler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50403","article-title":"The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier","volume":"8","author":"Brohawn","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01449-x","article-title":"Holographic transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation enhances stimulation efficacy by cooperatively recruiting distributed brain circuits","volume":"10","author":"Estrada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.03.012","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking\u2013specific and \u2013nonspecific white matter tracts engaged by historical psychosurgical targets for depression","volume":"94","author":"Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00015","article-title":"TRPC1 channels are expressed in pyramidal neurons and in a subset of somatostatin interneurons in the rat neocortex","volume":"12","author":"Martinez-Galan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib67","series-title":"Dendrites","author":"Stuart","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adbb1f","article-title":"Parameter-dependent cell-type specific effects of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in an awake head-fixed rodent model","volume":"22","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.07.002","article-title":"Optimized ultrasound neuromodulation for non-invasive control of behavior and physiology","volume":"112","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad731c","article-title":"Ultrasound pulse repetition frequency preferentially activates different neuron populations independent of cell type","volume":"21","author":"Sherman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0136-15.2016","article-title":"Cell-type-selective effects of intramembrane cavitation as a unifying theoretical framework for ultrasonic neuromodulation","author":"Plaksin","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro 3:ENEURO.0136-15.2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.02.051","article-title":"Single mechanically-gated cation channel currents can trigger action potentials in neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons","volume":"1608","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01662-9","article-title":"Cell type specific focused ultrasound neuromodulation in preclinical models of sleep and psychiatric disorders","volume":"49","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2206828119","article-title":"A tool for monitoring cell type-specific focused ultrasound neuromodulation and control of chronic epilepsy","volume":"119","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06338-3","article-title":"Astrocytes integrate and drive action potential firing in inhibitory subnetworks","volume":"9","author":"Deemyad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24334","article-title":"Mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 is an essential regulator in cell cycle progression of optic nerve head astrocytes","volume":"71","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib77","first-page":"749","article-title":"Astrocytes in the optic nerve head express putative mechanosensitive channels","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib78","article-title":"Mechanical and functional responses in astrocytes under alternating deformation modes using magneto-active substrates","volume":"36","author":"Gomez-Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9364","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1249-20.2020","article-title":"Mechanosensory signaling in astrocytes","volume":"40","author":"Turovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.039","article-title":"Expression and functional characterization of transient receptor potential vanilloid-related channel 4 (TRPV4) in rat cortical astrocytes","volume":"148","author":"Benfenati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.10.046","article-title":"Astrocytes express functional TRPV2 ion channels","volume":"441","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00099","article-title":"Astrocyte mechano-activation by high-rate overpressure involves alterations in structural and junctional proteins","volume":"10","author":"Hlavac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22695","article-title":"Mechanosensitive release of adenosine 5\u2032-triphosphate through pannexin channels and mechanosensitive upregulation of pannexin channels in optic nerve head astrocytes: A mechanism for purinergic involvement in chronic strain","volume":"62","author":"Beckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.712627","article-title":"An outside-in switch in integrin signaling caused by chemical and mechanical signals in reactive astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1086\/346090","article-title":"Connexin 43 (GJA1) mutations cause the pleiotropic phenotype of oculodentodigital dysplasia","volume":"72","author":"Paznekas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.07.010","article-title":"Astrocytic Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction determines adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions","volume":"110","author":"Chi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1556892","article-title":"Mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel: An emerging target in demyelination disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.11.004","article-title":"Ultrasound modulates calcium activity in cultured neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes","volume":"50","author":"Newman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.046","article-title":"Noninvasive low-frequency ultrasound energy causes vasodilation in humans","volume":"48","author":"Iida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07356-2","article-title":"Label free, capillary-scale blood flow mapping in vivo reveals that low-intensity focused ultrasound evokes persistent dilation in cortical microvasculature","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121441","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation promotes the extinction of fear memory through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"319","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120584","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation improves memory in vascular dementia by enhancing neuronal activity and promoting spine formation","volume":"291","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0784-23.2024","article-title":"Transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation of the visual thalamus produces long-term depression of thalamocortical synapses in the adult visual cortex","volume":"44","author":"Mesik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4028\/b-fVvR5S","article-title":"Long-lasting forms of plasticity through patterned ultrasound-induced brainwave entrainment","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16090996","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial current stimulation in psychiatry","volume":"174","author":"Philip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.058","article-title":"Focused ultrasound modulates region-specific brain activity","volume":"56","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-016-0007-y","article-title":"A review of low-intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.015","article-title":"Reversible neuroinhibition by focused ultrasound is mediated by a thermal mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib99","article-title":"Current state of potential mechanisms supporting low intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Dell\u2019Italia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib100","first-page":"730","article-title":"Differential structure of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the human and mouse","volume":"30","author":"Benavides-Piccione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv188","article-title":"Dendritic and axonal architecture of individual pyramidal neurons across layers of adult human neocortex","volume":"25","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73617-9","article-title":"Comparing basal dendrite branches in human and mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons with Bayesian networks","volume":"10","author":"Mihaljevi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5398","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx226","article-title":"Comprehensive morpho-electrotonic analysis shows 2 distinct classes of L2 and L3 pyramidal neurons in human temporal cortex","volume":"27","author":"Deitcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1579715","article-title":"Biophysical and computational insights from modeling human cortical pyramidal neurons","volume":"19","author":"Shapira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4812423","article-title":"Influence of the pressure field distribution in transcranial ultrasonic neurostimulation","volume":"40","author":"Younan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.04.036","article-title":"Ultrasound produces extensive brain activation via a cochlear pathway","volume":"98","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.05.114","article-title":"Mechanical artifacts during transcranial focused ultrasound mimic biologically evoked responses","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.10.029","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound modulates monkey visuomotor behavior","volume":"23","author":"Deffieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40541","article-title":"Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates","volume":"8","author":"Verhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.003","article-title":"Alteration of functional connectivity in the cortex and major brain networks of non-human primates following focused ultrasound exposure in the dorsal striatum","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.08.003","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: A unifying triple network model","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib112","article-title":"Ultrasound applications in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review of techniques and therapeutic potentials in clinical trials and animal model studies","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.06.007","article-title":"Focused transcranial ultrasound for treatment of neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"5","author":"Nicodemus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00052","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound to the right prefrontal cortex improves mood and alters functional connectivity in humans","volume":"14","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85504-y","article-title":"Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Cain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1359396","article-title":"Non-invasive suppression of the human nucleus accumbens (NAc) with transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) modulates the reward network: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40998-0","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans","volume":"14","author":"Yaakub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.01.004","article-title":"Delay- and pressure-dependent neuromodulatory effects of transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Atkinson-Clement","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1486770","article-title":"Alterations in large-scale resting-state network nodes following transcranial focused ultrasound of deep brain structures","volume":"18","author":"Gorka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1234-2","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: New insights into representational cortical plasticity","volume":"148","author":"Siebner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28320-1","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex","volume":"8","author":"Legon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.005","article-title":"The effect of transcranial ultrasound pulse repetition frequency on sustained inhibition in the human primary motor cortex: A double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Zadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26294","article-title":"Induction of human motor cortex plasticity by theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.03.001","article-title":"Effects of different sonication parameters of theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation on human motor cortex","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.11.005","article-title":"Examination of the interaction of parameters for low-intensity focused ultrasound of the human motor cortex","volume":"17","author":"Ennasr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285613","article-title":"Personalized depth-specific neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex via ultrasound","volume":"602","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88762.3","article-title":"Auditory confounds can drive online effects of transcranial ultrasonic stimulation in humans","volume":"12","author":"Kop","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63020-1","article-title":"Ultrasound system for precise neuromodulation of human deep brain circuits","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286465","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects and reproducibility of the most widely used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols","volume":"18","author":"Magnuson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e4","article-title":"Safety review and perspectives of transcranial focused ultrasound brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111095","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation in psychiatry: Main characteristics, current evidence, and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Keihani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111244","article-title":"Advances in transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation for mental disorders","volume":"136","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.008","article-title":"Non-invasive ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in disorders of consciousness after severe brain injury: A first-in-man report","volume":"9","author":"Monti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.008","article-title":"Ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in chronic disorders of consciousness","volume":"14","author":"Cain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2024.0016","article-title":"Effect of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.09.029","article-title":"Noninvasive modulation of the subcallosal cingulate and depression with focused ultrasonic waves","volume":"97","author":"Riis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.039","article-title":"A pilot study of low-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"168","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03033-w","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound amygdala neuromodulation: A double-blind sham-controlled target engagement study and unblinded single-arm clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Barksdale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.06.031","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound targeting the bilateral nucleus accumbens as a potential treatment for substance use disorder: A first-in-human report","volume":"94","author":"Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib140","article-title":"Open letter on intervention regimes and adverse events in focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"19","author":"Klein-Flugge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.04.018","article-title":"Deep transcranial ultrasound stimulation using personalized acoustic metamaterials improves treatment-resistant depression in humans","volume":"18","author":"Attali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02191-3","article-title":"Quiet waves, deep impact: Acoustic modeling of low-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"51","author":"Arulpragasam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57883-7","article-title":"Individualized non-invasive deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia using transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Darmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2956712","article-title":"Magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging","volume":"35","author":"McDannold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22299","article-title":"Optimization of encoding gradients for MR-ARFI","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.017","article-title":"Histologic safety of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation and magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging in rhesus macaques and sheep","volume":"13","author":"Gaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52443-8","article-title":"Considerations for ultrasound exposure during transcranial MR acoustic radiation force imaging","volume":"9","author":"Phipps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30539","article-title":"Optimization of MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) for human transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"94","author":"Mohammadjavadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.09.313","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring of the safety of repeated low-intensity focused ultrasound exposure at three brain locations","volume":"29","author":"Phipps","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.03.004","article-title":"A low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound parameter exploration study of the ventral capsule\/ventral striatum","volume":"28","author":"Chou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006","article-title":"A review of mechanistic effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"29","author":"Puppalla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.012","article-title":"A roadmap for focused ultrasound applications in psychiatry: Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Focused Ultrasound in Psychiatry (FUS-PULSE)","volume":"18","author":"Davidson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.01.004","article-title":"A practical guide to transcranial ultrasonic stimulation from the IFCN-endorsed ITRUSST consortium","volume":"171","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322326000971?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322326000971?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1777662133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322326000971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":153,"alternative-id":["S0006322326000971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Models, and Missing Links","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.02.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}