{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:25:11Z","timestamp":1793395511335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008083","name":"Scottish Alliance for Geoscience, Environment and Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioresource Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T12:24:28Z","timestamp":1690460668000},"page":"129567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparative characterisation and phytotoxicity assessment of biochar and hydrochar derived from municipal wastewater microalgae biomass"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"386","author":[{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stina","family":"Jansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Ma\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2012.04.005","article-title":"Microalgae and wastewater treatment","volume":"19","author":"Abdel-Raouf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.03.007","article-title":"The effect of post-pyrolysis treatment on waste biomass derived hydrochar","volume":"106","author":"Bahcivanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69798-y","article-title":"Estimating the organic oxygen content of biochar","volume":"10","author":"Bakshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129559","article-title":"Influence of lipid extraction and processing conditions on hydrothermal conversion of microalgae feedstocks \u2013 Effect on hydrochar composition, secondary char formation and phytotoxicity","volume":"428","author":"Benavente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31586","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04607H","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of hydrothermal carbonisation in the UK; Case study in Chirnside","volume":"10","author":"Bevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102103","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of microalgae-derived biochar from different feedstocks: A prospective study for future environmental applications","volume":"52","author":"Binda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.07.003","article-title":"Genotoxic and phytotoxic risk assessment of fresh and treated hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization compared to biochar from pyrolysis","volume":"97","author":"Busch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.129","article-title":"Risks and benefits of marginal biomass-derived biochars for plant growth","volume":"569\u2013570","author":"Buss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05871","article-title":"Synergies between BECCS and Biochar - Maximizing Carbon Sequestration Potential by Recycling Wood Ash","volume":"7","author":"Buss","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/en14010009","article-title":"Comparison of pyrolysis liquids from continuous and batch biochar production\u2014influence of feedstock evidenced by fticr ms","volume":"14","author":"Buss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144480","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae biomass produced in agro-industrial effluent: Products, characterization and applications","volume":"768","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154174","article-title":"Biochar-based fertiliser enhances nutrient uptake and transport in rice seedlings","volume":"826","author":"Chew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137127","article-title":"Microalgae-derived hydrochar application on rice paddy soil: Higher rice yield but increased gaseous nitrogen loss","volume":"717","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b03175","article-title":"Slow Pyrolysis Performance and Energy Balance of Corn Stover in Continuous Pyrolysis-Based Poly-Generation Systems","volume":"32","author":"Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy and Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-021-00089-z","article-title":"An investigation of the effects of hydrochar application rate on soil amelioration and plant growth in three diverse soils","volume":"3","author":"de Jager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125835","article-title":"Microwave-assisted catalytic hydrothermal carbonization of Laminaria japonica for hydrochars catalyzed and activated by potassium compounds","volume":"341","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0085","series-title":"Guidelines for a Sustainable Production of Biochar","first-page":"1","author":"European Biochar Foundation (EBC)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.104696","article-title":"Identification and structural characterization of oligomers formed from the pyrolysis of biomass","volume":"144","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.09.137","article-title":"Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition characteristics of low-lipid microalgae","volume":"150","author":"Gai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12339","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b02520","article-title":"Apparent kinetics of fast pyrolysis of four different microalgae and product analyses using pyrolysis-FTIR and pyrolysis-GC\/MS","volume":"31","author":"Gautam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy and Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.100","article-title":"Characterization and optimization of carbohydrate production from an indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E","volume":"135","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0110","first-page":"23","article-title":"Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil","author":"IBI, I.B.I.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Biochar Initiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137827","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of glucose: Secondary char properties, reaction pathways, and kinetics","volume":"449","author":"Ischia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.050","article-title":"A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications","volume":"45","author":"Kambo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0125","unstructured":"Kendrick, T., Drost, D., 2008. Watercress in the Garden."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.105384","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass for carbon rich material preparation: A review","volume":"130","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.04.112","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of lipid extracted algae for hydrochar production and feasibility of using hydrochar as a solid fuel","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100145","article-title":"Algae-mediated antibiotic wastewater treatment: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.06.060","article-title":"Impact of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on the formation of hydrochars and secondary chars from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste","volume":"233","author":"Lucian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2019.1658577","article-title":"Co-combustion Characteristics of coal-Scenedesmus Microalgae Blends and Their Resulting Ash","volume":"193","author":"Magida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2018.02.020","article-title":"Consistency of biochar properties over time and production scales: A characterisation of standard materials","volume":"132","author":"Ma\u0161ek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41953-0","article-title":"Potassium doping increases biochar carbon sequestration potential by 45%, facilitating decoupling of carbon sequestration from soil improvement","volume":"9","author":"Ma\u0161ek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0170","first-page":"4","article-title":"Biochar from a freshwater macroalga as a potential biosorbent for wastewater treatment","volume":"11","author":"Michalak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142168","article-title":"Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"752","author":"Mohsenpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.042","article-title":"Toxicity screening of biochar-mineral composites using germination tests","volume":"207","author":"Mumme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11170-3","article-title":"Effects of phosphorus-modified biochar as a soil amendment on the growth and quality of Pseudostellaria heterophylla","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.12.067","article-title":"Effects of different stocking densities on growth performance of Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus, water quality and plant growth of watercress Nasturtium officinale in an aquaponic recirculating system","volume":"503","author":"Nhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61441-7","article-title":"Effect of seed priming with different concentrations of potassium nitrate on the pattern of seed imbibition and germination of rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"16","author":"Ruttanaruangboworn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131490","article-title":"Biomass as source for hydrochar and biochar production to recover phosphates from wastewater: A review on challenges, commercialization, and future perspectives","volume":"286","author":"Shyam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mci173","article-title":"Osmotic and specific ion effects on the germination of Prosopis strombulifera","volume":"96","author":"Sosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126258","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production","volume":"346","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1039\/c3gc00031a","article-title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae for production of aromatics and ammonia","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124473","article-title":"Feedstock doping using iron rich waste increases the pyrolysis gas yield and adsorption performance of magnetic biochar for emerging contaminants","volume":"321","author":"Wurzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117565","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen-enriched biochar on rice growth and yield, iron dynamics, and soil carbon storage and emissions: A tool to improve sustainable rice cultivation","volume":"287","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2022.107250","article-title":"A new nitrogen-enriched biochar modified by ZIF-8 grafting and annealing for enhancing CO2 adsorption","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.3.3979-3986","article-title":"Effect of residence time on hydrothermal carbonization of corn cob residual","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.05.025","article-title":"Adsorption of p-nitrophenols (PNP) on microalgal biochar: Analysis of high adsorption capacity and mechanism","volume":"244","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.056","article-title":"Impact of hydrochar on rice paddy CH4 and N2O emissions: A comparative study with pyrochar","volume":"204","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Bioresource Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960852423009951?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960852423009951?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T06:01:00Z","timestamp":1739512860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960852423009951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0960852423009951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-8524","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative characterisation and phytotoxicity assessment of biochar and hydrochar derived from municipal wastewater microalgae biomass","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioresource Technology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129567","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129567"}}